{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T06:36:13Z","timestamp":1777530973435,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]],"date-time":"2022-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA253460-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA253460-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>A primary difference between black women (BW) and white women (WW) diagnosed with breast cancer is aggressiveness of the tumor. Black women have higher mortalities with similar incidence of breast cancer compared to other race\/ethnicities, and they are diagnosed at a younger age with more advanced tumors with double the rate of lethal, triple negative breast cancers. One hypothesis is that chronic social and economic stressors result in ancestry-dependent molecular responses that create a tumor permissive tissue microenvironment in normal breast tissue. Altered regulation of N-glycosylation of proteins, a glucose metabolism-linked post-translational modification attached to an asparagine (N) residue, has been associated with two strong independent risk factors for breast cancer: increased breast density and body mass index (BMI). Interestingly, high body mass index (BMI) levels have been reported to associate with increases of cancer-associated N-glycan signatures. In this study, we used matrix assisted laser desorption\/ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) to investigate molecular pattern changes of N-glycosylation in ancestry defined normal breast tissue from BW and WW with significant 5-year risk of breast cancer by Gail score. N-glycosylation was tested against social stressors including marital status, single, education, economic status (income), personal reproductive history, the risk factors BMI and age. Normal breast tissue microarrays from the Susan G. Komen tissue bank (BW=43; WW= 43) were used to evaluate glycosylation against socioeconomic stress and risk factors. One specific N-glycan (2158 m\/z) appeared dependent on ancestry with high sensitivity and specificity (AUC 0.77, Brown\/Wilson p-value&amp;lt;0.0001). Application of a linear regression model with ancestry as group variable and socioeconomic covariates as predictors identified a specific N-glycan signature associated with different socioeconomic stresses. For WW, household income was strongly associated to certain N-glycans, while for BW, marital status (married and single) was strongly associated with the same N-glycan signature. Current work focuses on understanding if combined N-glycan biosignatures can further help understand normal breast tissue at risk. This study lays the foundation for understanding the complexities linking socioeconomic stresses and molecular factors to their role in ancestry dependent breast cancer risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.876651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]],"date-time":"2022-06-27T20:41:20Z","timestamp":1656362480000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Metabolic Links to Socioeconomic Stresses Uniquely Affecting Ancestry in Normal Breast Tissue at Risk for Breast Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Denys","family":"Rujchanarong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yeonhee","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anand S.","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Drake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George E.","family":"Sandusky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harikrishna","family":"Nakshatri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peggi M.","family":"Angel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21412","article-title":"Breast Cancer Statistics, 2017, Racial Disparity in Mortality by State","volume":"67","author":"DeSantis","year":"2017","journal-title":"CA: A Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-20301-6_3","article-title":"Health and Racial Disparity in Breast Cancer","volume":"1152","author":"Yedjou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol 2019"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21583","article-title":"Breast Cancer Statistics, 2019","volume":"69","author":"DeSantis","year":"2019","journal-title":"CA: A Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers10120514","article-title":"Racial Disparity and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in African-American Women: A Multifaceted Affair Between Obesity, Biology, and Socioeconomic Determinants","volume":"10","author":"Siddharth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-15-0243","article-title":"Breast Cancer Mortality in African-American and non-Hispanic White Women by Molecular Subtype and Stage at Diagnosis: A Population-Based Study","volume":"24","author":"Tao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3896","article-title":"Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in African-American Women: Disparities Versus Biology","volume":"15","author":"Dietze","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.26405","article-title":"Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes in Breast Tumors From African American Compared With Caucasian Women","volume":"118","author":"Field","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.73.7932","article-title":"Factors That Contributed to Black-White Disparities in Survival Among Nonelderly Women With Breast Cancer Between 2004 and 2013","volume":"36","author":"Jemal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-020-00798-4","article-title":"Socioeconomic Correlates of Obesity in African-American and Caribbean-Black Men and Women","volume":"8","author":"Barrington","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.24144","article-title":"Leveraging Genetic Ancestry to Study Health Disparities","author":"Batai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2017.09.018","article-title":"Obesity and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Disparities, Controversies, and Biology","volume":"188","author":"Dietze","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3322\/canjclin.54.2.78","article-title":"Cancer Disparities by Race\/Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status","volume":"54","author":"Ward","year":"2004","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036307","article-title":"Obesity in Black Women","volume":"9","author":"Kumanyika","year":"1987","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-0070","article-title":"Minireview: Obesity and Breast Cancer: The Estrogen Connection","volume":"150","author":"Cleary","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/81.24.1879","article-title":"Projecting Individualized Probabilities of Developing Breast Cancer for White Females Who Are Being Examined Annually","volume":"81","author":"Gail","year":"1989","journal-title":"JNCI: J Natl Cancer Institute"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/ERC-06-0045","article-title":"Critical Assessment of New Risk Factors for Breast Cancer: Considerations for Development of an Improved Risk Prediction Model","volume":"14","author":"Santen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer"},{"key":"B17","article-title":"Racial Disparities in the Risk of Developing Obesity-Related Diseases: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"key":"B18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey","volume":"2014","author":"Blackwell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21405","article-title":"Obesity and Adverse Breast Cancer Risk and Outcome: Mechanistic Insights and Strategies for Intervention","volume":"67","author":"Picon-Ruiz","year":"2017","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165760","article-title":"The Importance of Breast Adipose Tissue in Breast Cancer","volume":"21","author":"Kothari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-019-0778-6","article-title":"Cancer-Associated Adipocytes: Key Players in Breast Cancer Progression","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.142","article-title":"NF-\u03bab, Inflammation, Immunity and Cancer: Coming of Age","volume":"18","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1703","article-title":"NF-kappaB: Linking Inflammation and Immunity to Cancer Development and Progression","volume":"5","author":"Karin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-019-0129-4","article-title":"Glycosylation in Health and Disease","volume":"15","author":"Reily","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e14-12-1604","article-title":"N-Glycosylation Controls the Function of Junctional Adhesion Molecule-A","volume":"26","author":"Scott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Biol Cell"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwt014","article-title":"Endothelial Heterogeneity and Adhesion Molecules N-Glycosylation: Implications in Leukocyte Trafficking in Inflammation","volume":"23","author":"Scott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"B27","volume-title":"Essentials of Glycobiology","author":"Varki","year":"2015"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.08.019","article-title":"Glycosylation in Cellular Mechanisms of Health and Disease","volume":"126","author":"Ohtsubo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.04.018","article-title":"Glycosylation is an Androgen-Regulated Process Essential for Prostate Cancer Cell Viability","volume":"8","author":"Munkley","year":"2016","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-016-9880-6","article-title":"Glycans and Glycoproteins as Specific Biomarkers for Cancer","volume":"409","author":"Kailemia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3982","article-title":"Glycosylation in Cancer: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications","volume":"15","author":"Pinho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwn071","article-title":"N-Glycans in Cancer Progression","volume":"18","author":"Lau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"B33","first-page":"219","article-title":"The Role of Glycosylation in Breast Cancer Metastasis and Cancer Control, in","author":"K\u00f6lbl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490531","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/490531","article-title":"Glycosylation-Based Serum Biomarkers for Cancer Diagnostics and Prognostics","volume":"2015","author":"Kirwan","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2011.12.001","article-title":"Glycans as Cancer Biomarkers","volume":"1820","author":"Adamczyk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14789450.2019.1645604","article-title":"Glycosylation and its Implications in Breast Cancer","volume":"16","author":"Scott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev Proteomics"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-2158-0_4","article-title":"MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging of N-Linked Glycans in Tissues","volume":"1104","author":"Drake","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20102528","article-title":"Core-Fucosylated Tetra-Antennary N-Glycan Containing A Single N-Acetyllactosamine Branch Is Associated With Poor Survival Outcome in Breast Cancer","volume":"20","author":"Herrera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B39","article-title":"Perspectives in Cancer Research Possible Roles of Tumor-Associated Carbohydrate Antigens1","volume":"74","author":"Fukuda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwn095","article-title":"A Strategy to Reveal Potential Glycan Markers From Serum Glycoproteins Associated With Breast Cancer Progression","volume":"18","author":"Hamid","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2007.087148","article-title":"Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis Through Quantitative Measurements of Serum Glycan Profiles METHODS","volume":"54","author":"Kyselova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.146945","article-title":"N-Glycans in Breast Cancer Metastasis Clinical Importance of High-Mannose, Fucosylated, and Complex N-Glycans in Breast Cancer Metastasis","volume":"6","author":"\u0160\u010dup\u00e1kov\u00e1","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.201800014","article-title":"Increases in Tumor N-Glycan Polylactosamines Associated With Advanced HER2-Positive and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Tissues","volume":"13","author":"Scott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proteomics Clin Appl"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2004.tb03219.x","article-title":"Carbohydrate-Mediated Cell Adhesion in Cancer Metastasis and Angiogenesis","volume":"95","author":"Kannagi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijms.2018.01.002","article-title":"Specific N-Linked Glycosylation Patterns in Areas of Necrosis in Tumor Tissues","volume":"437","author":"Scott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J mass spectrometry"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-11-0414","article-title":"Engagement of I-Branching B -1 , 6- N -Acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2 in Breast Cancer Metastasis and TGF- B Signaling","volume":"71","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-20-2642","article-title":"Mevalonate Pathway Inhibition Slows Breast Cancer Metastasis via Reduced N-Glycosylation Abundance and Branching","volume":"81","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176935117747259","DOI":"10.1177\/1176935117747259","article-title":"Longitudinal Transcriptional Response of Glycosylation-Related Genes, Regulators, and Targets in Cancer Cell Lines Treated With 11 Antitumor Agents","volume":"16","author":"Krushkal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Inform"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/pr401092y","article-title":"Association of N-Glycosylation With Breast Carcinoma and Systemic Features Using High-Resolution Quantitative UPLC","volume":"13","author":"Saldova","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.2002.5521","article-title":"Cell Surface \u2423 2 , 6-Sialylation Affects Adhesion of Breast Carcinoma Cells","volume":"110","author":"Lin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp Cel Res"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-2938","article-title":"Loss of E-Cadherin Promotes Metastasis via Multiple Downstream Transcriptional Pathways","volume":"68","author":"Onder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molonc.2014.12.013","article-title":"Glycan-Related Gene Expression Signatures in Breast Cancer Subtypes; Relation to Survival","volume":"9","author":"Potapenko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Oncol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-014-2949-z","article-title":"Prognostic Relevance of Glycosylation-Associated Genes in Breast Cancer","volume":"145","author":"Milde-Langosch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13174419","article-title":"Defining the Tumor Microenvironment by Integration of Immunohistochemistry and Extracellular Matrix Targeted Imaging Mass Spectrometry","volume":"13","author":"Rujchanarong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac402108x","article-title":"Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Imaging Mass Spectrometry Workflow for Spatial Profiling Analysis of N-Linked Glycan Expression in Tissues","volume":"85","author":"Powers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Analytical Chem"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106255","article-title":"MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry Profiling of N-Glycans in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin Embedded Clinical Tissue Blocks and Tissue Microarrays","volume":"9","author":"Powers","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpps.65","article-title":"In Situ Imaging of Tryptic Peptides by MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry Using Fresh-Frozen or Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissue","volume":"94","author":"Angel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Protein Sci"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpps.68","article-title":"In Situ Imaging of N-Glycans by MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry of Fresh or Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue","volume":"94","author":"Drake","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Protein Sci"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-020-03047-z","article-title":"Multiplexed Imaging Mass Spectrometry of the Extracellular Matrix Using Serial Enzyme Digests From Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Sections","volume":"413","author":"Clift","year":"2021","journal-title":"Analytical bioanalytical Chem"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100012","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.RA120.002256","article-title":"Imaging Mass Spectrometry and Lectin Analysis of N-Linked Glycans in Carbohydrate Antigen-Defined Pancreatic Cancer Tissues","volume":"20","author":"McDowell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Cell proteomics: MCP"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2014.12.001","article-title":"Altered Glycosylation in Prostate Cancer","volume":"126","author":"Drake","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv Cancer Res"},{"key":"B62","article-title":"MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry of N-Glycans and Tryptic Peptides From the Same Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Section","volume-title":"Tissue Proteomics: Methods and Protocols","author":"Angel","year":"2018"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2021.01.001","article-title":"Spatial N-Glycomics of the Human Aortic Valve in Development and Pediatric Endstage Congenital Aortic Valve Stenosis","volume":"154","author":"Angel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-21-0348","article-title":"N-Glycosylation Patterns Correlate With Hepatocellular Carcinoma Genetic Subtypes","volume":"19","author":"DelaCourt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Cancer research: MCR"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.4490","article-title":"Defining the Human Kidney N-Glycome in Normal and Cancer Tissues Using MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry","volume":"55","author":"Drake","year":"2020","journal-title":"J mass spectrometry: JMS"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2014.11.005","article-title":"Glycosylation and Liver Cancer","volume":"126","author":"Mehta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv Cancer Res"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/pr7008252","article-title":"GlycoWorkbench: A Tool for the Computer-Assisted Annotation of Mass Spectra of Glycans","volume":"7","author":"Ceroni","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.0c00024","article-title":"New Enzymatic Approach to Distinguish Fucosylation Isomers of N-Linked Glycans in Tissues Using MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry","volume":"19","author":"West","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"B69","article-title":"Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve Analysis for Medical Diagnostic Test Evaluation","volume":"4","author":"Hajian-Tilaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Caspian J Internal Med"},{"key":"B70","volume-title":"McNemar And Mann-Whitney U Tests","author":"Krishan","year":"2021"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.12689","article-title":"Groupwise Envelope Models for Imaging Genetic Analysis","volume":"73","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djq088","article-title":"Assessing Women at High Risk of Breast Cancer: A Review of Risk Assessment Models","volume":"102","author":"Amir","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Institute"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.22565","article-title":"Single Nucleotide Variants in Metastasis-Related Genes are Associated With Breast Cancer Risk, by Lymph Node Involvement and Estrogen Receptor Status, in Women With European and African Ancestry","volume":"56","author":"Roberts","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-12-1699","article-title":"Genetic Susceptibility to Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","volume":"73","author":"Stevens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djw104","article-title":"Racial Differences in Quantitative Measures of Area and Volumetric Breast Density","volume":"108","author":"McCarthy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Institute"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NNR.0b013e3181b4b921","article-title":"Growth Differences by Age of Menarche in African American and White Girls","volume":"58","author":"Salsberry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nurs Res"},{"key":"B77","article-title":"Mammographic Density and Breast Cancer in Three Ethnic Groups","volume":"12","author":"Ursin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer epidemiol. Biomarkers prevention: Publ Am Assoc Cancer Research cosponsored by Am Soc Prev Oncol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S144619","article-title":"Association Between Body Mass Index and Breast Cancer Risk: Evidence Based on a Dose-Response Meta-Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Manage Res"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/17455057.5.2.127","article-title":"Menopausal Symptoms and Ethnicity: The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation","volume":"5","author":"Green","year":"2009","journal-title":"Women's Health"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.21.2492","article-title":"Race, Breast Cancer Subtypes, and Survival in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study","volume":"295","author":"Carey","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2007.03.085","article-title":"Molecular Breast Cancer Subtypes in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal African-American Women: Age-Specific Prevalence and Survival","volume":"143","author":"Ihemelandu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0339","article-title":"Race\/Ethnic Issues in Obesity and Obesity-Related Comorbidities","volume":"89","author":"Cossrow","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300452","article-title":"Race, Place, and Obesity: The Complex Relationships Among Community Racial\/Ethnic Composition, Individual Race\/Ethnicity, and Obesity in the United States","volume":"102","author":"Kirby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-06-0345","article-title":"Body Size, Mammographic Density, and Breast Cancer Risk","volume":"15","author":"Boyd","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009292","article-title":"Severe Obesity as an Explanatory Factor for the Black\/White Difference in Stage at Diagnosis of Breast Cancer","volume":"146","author":"Jones","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2006.00261.x","article-title":"Obesity and Prognosis of Breast Cancer","volume":"7","author":"Carmichael","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mco.2017.1429","article-title":"Triple\u2212negative Breast Cancer and its","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Assoc Obes (Review). Mol Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00426.2010","article-title":"Blocking Core Fucosylation of TGF-\u03b21 Receptors Downregulates Their Functions and Attenuates the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Renal Tubular Cells","volume":"300","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M510893200","article-title":"Core Fucosylation Regulates Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Mediated Intracellular Signaling","volume":"281","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-017-0904-8","article-title":"FUT8 Promotes Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness by Remodeling TGF-\u03b2 Receptor Core Fucosylation","volume":"19","author":"Tu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.146945","article-title":"Clinical Importance of High-Mannose, Fucosylated, and Complex N-Glycans in Breast Cancer Metastasis","volume":"6","author":"\u0160\u010dup\u00e1kov\u00e1","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1154-7_3","article-title":"Synthesis, Processing, and Function of N-Glycans in N-Glycoproteins","volume":"9","author":"Bieberich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glycobiology of the Nervous System. Advances in Neurobiology"},{"key":"B93","first-page":"292","article-title":"The Emerging Importance of \u03b1-L-Fucose in Human Breast Cancer: A Review","volume":"3","author":"Listinsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Trans Res"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/8.6.605","article-title":"Fucosyltransferase Activities in Human Pancreatic Tissue: Comparative Study Between Cancer Tissues and Established Tumoral Cell Lines","volume":"8","author":"Mas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"B95","first-page":"1410","article-title":"Expression of Sialyl 6-Sulfo Lewis X Is Inversely Correlated With Conventional Sialyl Lewis X Expression in Human Colorectal Cancer","volume":"60","author":"Izawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2013.699","article-title":"Fucosylated TGF-\u03b2 Receptors Transduces a Signal for Epithelial\u2013Mesenchymal Transition in Colorectal Cancer Cells","volume":"110","author":"Hirakawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12282-018-0857-5","article-title":"An Overview of Mammographic Density and its Association With Breast Cancer","volume":"25","author":"Nazari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Breast Cancer (Tokyo Japan)"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197605)37:5<2486::AID-CNCR2820370542>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Risk for Breast Cancer Development Determined by Mammographic Parenchymal Pattern","volume":"37","author":"Wolfe","year":"1976","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.06.0619","article-title":"Mammographic Breast Density and Race","volume":"188","author":"Del Carmen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40170-020-00225-6","article-title":"Body Mass Index-Associated Molecular Characteristics Involved in Tumor Immune and Metabolic Pathways","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Metab"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2848 LP","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-3427","article-title":"Genetic Ancestry\u2013dependent Differences in Breast Cancer\u2013induced Field Defects in the Tumor-Adjacent Normal Breast","volume":"25","author":"Nakshatri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.22.2879","article-title":"Socioeconomic Status in Health Research","volume":"294","author":"Braveman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)92846-A","article-title":"Race or Class Versus Race and Class Mortality Differentials in the United States","volume":"336","author":"Navarro","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxm009","article-title":"The Built Environment and Obesity","volume":"29","author":"Papas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2009.096297","article-title":"Social Context Explains Race Disparities in Obesity Among Women","volume":"64","author":"Bleich","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-4-10","article-title":"Racial Discrepancies in the Association Between Paternal vs. Maternal Educational Level and Risk of Low Birthweight in Washington State","volume":"4","author":"Nicolaidis","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(18)30353-2","article-title":"Associations Between Measures of Socioeconomic Status and Maternal Health Behavior","volume":"12","author":"Gazmararian","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16234731","article-title":"Environmental Influences on Mammographic Breast Density in California: A Strategy to Reduce Breast Cancer Risk","volume":"16","author":"Cohn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1353\/dem.2010.0005","article-title":"Biodemography: New Approaches to Understanding Trends and Differences in Population Health and Mortality*","volume":"47","author":"Crimmins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health (San Francisco)"},{"key":"B110","first-page":"87","article-title":"Aging, Health and Public Policy","volume":"12","author":"Crimmins","year":"1975","journal-title":"Inquiry"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1177\/0898264314538661","article-title":"Socioeconomic Status and Biological Markers of Health: An Examination of Adults in the United States and Taiwan","volume":"27","author":"Cornman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Aging Health"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2022.876651\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]],"date-time":"2022-06-27T20:41:39Z","timestamp":1656362499000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2022.876651\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"references-count":111,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2022.876651"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2022.876651","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-943X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"article-number":"876651"}}