{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:24:59Z","timestamp":1790803499992,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL) represents a rare disease, that has been classified among the BCR\/ABL-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms. The disease is characterized by marked leukocytosis with absolute neutrophilia and its clinical presentation may vary from asymptomatic to highly symptomatic with massive splenomegaly and constitutional symptoms. CNL prognosis remains relatively poor, as most patients succumb to disease complications or transform to acute myeloid leukemia. Recent studies have demonstrated that <jats:italic>CSF3R<\/jats:italic> mutations drive the disease, albeit the presence of other secondary mutations perplex the genetic landscape of the disease. Notably, the presence of <jats:italic>CSF3R<\/jats:italic> mutations has been adopted as a criterion for diagnosis of CNL. Despite the vigorous research, the management of the disease remains suboptimal. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation represents the only treatment that could lead to cure; however, it is accompanied by high rates of treatment-related mortality. Recently, ruxolitinib has shown significant responses in patients with CNL; however, emergence of resistance might perturbate long-term management of the disease. The aim of this review is to summarize the clinical course and laboratory findings of CNL, highlight its pathogenesis and complex genetic landscape, and provide the context for the appropriate management of patients with CNL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.891961","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T13:49:43Z","timestamp":1649944183000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia: A Comprehensive Review of Clinical Characteristics, Genetic Landscape and Management"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Thomas P.","family":"Thomopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Argiris","family":"Symeonidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Kourakli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sotirios G.","family":"Papageorgiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Pappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18 24","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-192007000-00003","article-title":"A Case of Splenomegaly With Polymorphonuclear Neutrophil Hyperleukocytosis","volume":"160","author":"Tuohy","year":"1920","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"B2","article-title":"La Leuc\u00e9mie My\u00e9log\u00e8ne \u00c0 Polynucl\u00e9aires Neutrophiles","volume":"40","author":"Emile-Weil","year":"1932","journal-title":"Presse M\u00e9d"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003591575705000711","article-title":"Myeloproliferative Syndrome Presenting as Neutrophilic Leukaemia","volume":"50","author":"Exton-Smith","year":"1957","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(64)92142-7","article-title":"Cytochemical and Cytogenetic Findings in a Case of Chronic Neutriphilic Leukaemia of Mature Cell Type","volume":"1","author":"Tanzer","year":"1964","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/72.2.233","article-title":"Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia. Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature","volume":"72","author":"You","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1159\/000207894","article-title":"Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia With Elevated Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase, Positive Indirect Coombs' Test, Neutrophilic Leukocytosis and Unusual Cytogenetical Findings","volume":"57","author":"Grinblat","year":"1977","journal-title":"Acta Haematol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/73.6.837","article-title":"Chronic Neutrophilic Leukaemia","volume":"73","author":"Bareford","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.2830120208","article-title":"Functional Characterization of the Cells in Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia","volume":"12","author":"Dotten","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01715131","article-title":"Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia. A Study of Four Cases","volume":"68","author":"Zittoun","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2401993","article-title":"Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia (Cnl): A Clinical, Pathologic and Cytogenetic Study","volume":"15","author":"Elliott","year":"2001","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.55.11.862","article-title":"Chronic Neutrophilic Leukaemia: 14 New Cases of an Uncommon Myeloproliferative Disease","volume":"55","author":"B\u00f6hm","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beha.2005.07.012","article-title":"Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia and Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia: Who Defined","volume":"19","author":"Elliott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Haematol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V82.3.1035b.1035b","article-title":"Clonal Nature of Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia","volume":"82","author":"Kwong","year":"1993","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.46.4.297","article-title":"Clonality of Chronic Neutrophilic Leukaemia Associated With Myeloma: Analysis Using the X-Linked Probe M27 Beta","volume":"46","author":"Standen","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.1988.tb01194.x","article-title":"A Case of Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia With Original Chromosomal Abnormalities","volume":"41","author":"Lorente","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur\u00a0J Haematol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000205548","article-title":"A Case of Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia With Trisomy 8","volume":"81","author":"Orazi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Haematol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/85.3.369","article-title":"Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia: Description of a New Case With Karyotypic Abnormalities","volume":"85","author":"Di Donato","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(86)90367-0","article-title":"Cytobiologic and Clinical Aspects in a Patient With Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia After Thorotrast Exposure","volume":"81","author":"Boggs","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.15355","article-title":"Clinical Significance of Csf3r, Srsf2 and Setbp1 Mutations in Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia and Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia","volume":"8","author":"Ouyang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1214514","article-title":"Oncogenic Csf3r Mutations in Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia and Atypical Cml","volume":"368","author":"Maxson","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-03-643544","article-title":"The 2016 Revision to the World Health Organization Classification of Myeloid Neoplasms and Acute Leukemia","volume":"127","author":"Arber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B22","article-title":"Hepatocellular Carcinoma Presenting as Neutrophilic Leukaemoid Reaction\u2013a Rare Entity","volume":"105","author":"Tilak","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Indian Med Assoc"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.199434","article-title":"A Case of Paraneoplastic Hyperleukocytosis Closely Mimicking Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia","volume":"16","author":"Mittal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Ther"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijc.IJC_560_18","article-title":"Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia Presenting as Secondary Gout: Report of a Rare Myeloproliferative Disorder","volume":"57","author":"Kakkar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Cancer"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00321039","article-title":"Neutrophilic Leukemia Accompanied by Hemorrhagic Diathesis: Report of Two Cases","volume":"54","author":"Hossfeld","year":"1987","journal-title":"Blut"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2015.3148","article-title":"Diagnosis, Complications and Management of Chronic Neutrophilic Leukaemia: A Case Report","volume":"9","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"B27","article-title":"[Changes in the Megakaryocyte-Platelet System in Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia]","volume":"32","author":"Mori","year":"1991","journal-title":"Rinsho Ketsueki"},{"key":"B28","article-title":"Chronic Neutrophilic Leukaemia","volume":"48","author":"Gan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(93)70178-v","article-title":"Neutrophilic Dermatosis Associated With Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia","volume":"29","author":"Castanet","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.152304","article-title":"Sweet's Syndrome Associated With Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia","volume":"81","author":"Kaur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2019.31.6.673","article-title":"Leukemia Cutis in Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia Associated With Colony Stimulating Factor 3 Receptor Mutation: Clinical Severity Paralleled With Hematologic Abnormality","volume":"31","author":"Kwon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.13925","article-title":"Case and Review: Cutaneous Involvement by Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia Vs Sweet Syndrome- A Diagnostic Dilemma","volume":"48","author":"Hobbs","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cutan Pathol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000495458","article-title":"Septic Shock Predisposed by an Underlying Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia With an Atypical Presentation; A Case Report","volume":"11","author":"Mendiola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Rep Oncol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.48.2080","article-title":"Miliary Tuberculosis Associated With Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia","volume":"48","author":"Sugino","year":"2009","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"B35","article-title":"[Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia (Cnl) and Meningeal Tuberculosis (Tbc): Chance or Cause?]","volume":"40","author":"Delgado Beltr\u00e1n","year":"1995","journal-title":"Sangre (Barc)"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9343(03)00426-1","article-title":"Mucormycosis as an Etiology of Cerebral Hemorrhage in Patients With Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia","volume":"115","author":"Yasui","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.36.3.324","article-title":"Chronic Neutrophilic Leukaemia With Enlarged Lymph Nodes and Lysozyme Deficiency","volume":"36","author":"Feremans","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00737148","article-title":"Lymph Node Involvement in Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia. An Immunohistochemical Study","volume":"412","author":"Nakamine","year":"1988","journal-title":"Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine1962.23.39","article-title":"A Case of Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia With Paraproteinemia (Igg Type Lambda and Iga Type K)","volume":"23","author":"Watanabe","year":"1984","journal-title":"Jpn J Med"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.14456","article-title":"Csf3r T618i, Asxl1 G942 Fs and Stat5b N642h Trimutation Co-Contribute to a Rare Chronic Neutrophilic Leukaemia Manifested by Rapidly Progressive Leucocytosis, Severe Infections, Persistent Fever and Deep Venous Thrombosis","volume":"180","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-018-0058-7","article-title":"Csf3r-Mutated Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia: Long-Term Outcome in 19 Consecutive Patients and Risk Model for Survival","volume":"8","author":"Szuber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.47.4.367","article-title":"Electron Microscopic Findings of Parallel Tubular Granules in a Case of Chronic Neutrophilic Leukaemia","volume":"47","author":"Takemori","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/86.6.748","article-title":"Neutrophils With Ring-Shaped Nuclei in Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia","volume":"86","author":"Kanoh","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1159\/000204707","article-title":"Neutrophil Function in Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia: Defective Respiratory Burst in Response to Phorbol Esters","volume":"87","author":"Kaplan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Haematol"},{"key":"B45","article-title":"[Neutrophil Dysfunction in Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia Without Rearrangements of Bcr and Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Genes]","volume":"30","author":"Okada","year":"1989","journal-title":"Rinsho Ketsueki"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.2830410110","article-title":"Elevated Neutrophil Function in Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia","volume":"41","author":"Ohtsuki","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1159\/000206273","article-title":"Cellular Abnormalities and Reduced Colony-Forming Cells in Chronic Neutrophilic Leukaemia","volume":"73","author":"Mehrotra","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Haematol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine1962.28.717","article-title":"The Discrepancy Between Chemotaxis and Leukotriene B4 Production in a Patient With Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia","volume":"28","author":"Oogushi","year":"1989","journal-title":"Jpn J Med"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-553X.2007.01000.x","article-title":"Neutrophil Function and Cytokine-Specific Signaling in Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia","volume":"31","author":"Uemura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Lab Hematol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021013310","article-title":"Numerous Ring Sideroblasts in Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia","volume":"138","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16078454.2019.1642554","article-title":"Analysis of Gene Mutation Characteristics in Patients With Chronic Neutrophilic Leukaemia","volume":"24","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/cmj.0366-6999.100.12.p988.01","article-title":"Gaucher-Like Cells in Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia. A Case Report","volume":"100","author":"Tang","year":"1987","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/s0925-5710(98)00031-0","article-title":"Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia Associated With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia","volume":"68","author":"Ito","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Hematol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000207729","article-title":"Chronic Granulocytic Leukemia, Neutrophilic Type, With Paraproteinemia (Iga Type K)","volume":"60","author":"Vorobiof","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Haematol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-198003000-00005","article-title":"Coexistent Chronic Myeloid Leukemia and Iga Monoclonal Gammopathy: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature","volume":"279","author":"Naparstek","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"B56","article-title":"[Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia Associated With Monoclonal Gammopathy (Iga, Kappa Type)]","volume":"30","author":"Kubo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Rinsho Ketsueki"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01701736","article-title":"Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia Associated With Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance. A Multimethod Study","volume":"67","author":"Florensa","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.24287","article-title":"Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia Complicated With Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance: A Case Report and Literature Review","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030089168407000117","article-title":"Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia and Myeloma. Report on Long Survival","volume":"70","author":"Franchi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Tumori"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1986.tb07507.x","article-title":"An Association Between Chronic Neutrophilic Leukaemia and Multiple Myeloma With a Study of Cobalamin-Binding Proteins","volume":"63","author":"Lewis","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1987.tb04164.x","article-title":"Kappa Light Chain Myeloma Developing in a Patient With Chronic Neutrophilic Leukaemia","volume":"65","author":"Zoumbos","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000205176","article-title":"Chronic Neutrophilic Leukaemia Preceding for Seven Years the Development of Multiple Myeloma","volume":"83","author":"Rovira","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Haematol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19900701)66:1<162::aid-cncr2820660129>3.0.co;2-z","article-title":"Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia and Multiple Myeloma. An Association With Lambda Light Chain Expression","volume":"66","author":"Standen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B64","article-title":"[Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia: Apropos of 2 Cases and Review of the Literature]","volume":"95","author":"Hidalgo","year":"1990","journal-title":"Med Clin (Barc)"},{"key":"B65","article-title":"[Neutrophilic Leukemia and Multiple Myeloma. 2 Cases]","volume":"143","author":"Troussard","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Med Interne (Paris)"},{"key":"B66","article-title":"Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia (Cnl) With Karyotypic Abnormalities Associated With Plasma Cell Dyscrasia: A Case Report","volume":"77","author":"Masini","year":"1992","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"B67","article-title":"[Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia Associated With Myeloma. Simultaneous Presentation]","volume":"37","author":"Di\u00e9guez","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sangre (Barc)"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000204241","article-title":"Coexistence of Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia With Light Chain Myeloma","volume":"91","author":"Cehreli","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Haematol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10428190290012218","article-title":"Coexistence of Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia With Multiple Myeloma","volume":"43","author":"Din\u00e7ol","year":"2002","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/869395","article-title":"Treatment of Coexisting Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia and Light Chain Multiple Myeloma With Hydroxyurea, Bortezomib, and Dexamethasone","volume":"2014","author":"Taiwo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Case Rep Hematol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2015.3043","article-title":"Concurrent Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia Blast Crisis and Multiple Myeloma: A Case Report and Literature Review","volume":"9","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.13600","article-title":"Chronic Neutrophilic Leukaemia and Plasma Cell-Related Neutrophilic Leukaemoid Reactions","volume":"171","author":"Bain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2015.1.264","article-title":"What's Different About Atypical Cml and Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia","volume":"2015","author":"Dao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hematol Am Soc Hematol Educ Program"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/08977190500055836","article-title":"G-Csf: A Key Regulator of Neutrophil Production, But That's Not All","volume":"23","author":"Roberts","year":"2005","journal-title":"Growth Factors"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2021.101515","article-title":"G-Csf, the Guardian of Granulopoiesis","volume":"54","author":"Mehta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2014.00093","article-title":"Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Receptor Mutations in Myeloid Malignancy","volume":"4","author":"Liongue","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-07-2613","article-title":"Novel Mechanism of G-Csf Refractoriness in Patients With Severe Congenital Neutropenia","volume":"105","author":"Druhan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2013.164","article-title":"Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Receptor T595i (T618i) Mutation Confers Ligand Independence and Enhanced Signaling","volume":"27","author":"Mehta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-05-500959","article-title":"The New Genetics of Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia and Atypical Cml: Implications for Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"122","author":"Gotlib","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2013.122","article-title":"Csf3r T618i Is a Highly Prevalent and Specific Mutation in Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia","volume":"27","author":"Pardanani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-06-509976","article-title":"The Csf3r T618i Mutation Causes a Lethal Neutrophilic Neoplasia in Mice That Is Responsive to Therapeutic Jak Inhibition","volume":"122","author":"Fleischman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-10-695981","article-title":"Genomics of Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia","volume":"129","author":"Maxson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019000611","article-title":"Genomic Landscape of Neutrophilic Leukemias of Ambiguous Diagnosis","volume":"134","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.24031","article-title":"Asxl1 Mutations Are Frequent and Prognostically Detrimental in Csf3r-Mutated Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia","volume":"90","author":"Elliott","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/17474086.2021.1860004","article-title":"Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia - A Review","volume":"14","author":"Thomopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev Hematol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2017.01.006","article-title":"The Clinical Characteristics, Gene Mutations and Prognosis of Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia","volume":"38","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-014-0077-1","article-title":"Csf3r, Setbp1 and Calr Mutations in Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia","volume":"7","author":"Cui","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171608","article-title":"Prognostic Significance of Setbp1 Mutations in Myelodysplastic Syndromes, Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia, and Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Shou","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2403562","article-title":"Who-Defined Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia: A Long-Term Analysis of 12 Cases and a Critical Review of the Literature","volume":"19","author":"Elliott","year":"2005","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-020-0334-1","article-title":"A Population-Based Study of Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia in the United States","volume":"10","author":"Ruan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4137\/CCRep.S22820","article-title":"A Case of Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia Successfully Treated With Pegylated Interferon Alpha-2a","volume":"8","author":"Yassin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Med Insights Case Rep"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2021005335","article-title":"Treatment Patterns and Outcomes of 2310 Patients With Secondary Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Pethema Registry Study","volume":"6","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Cuadr\u00f3n","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2014.39","article-title":"Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia With Concurrent Csf3r and Setbp1 Mutations: Single Colony Clonality Studies, In Vitro Sensitivity to Jak Inhibitors and Lack of Treatment Response to Ruxolitinib","volume":"28","author":"Lasho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2017.163790","article-title":"Ruxolitinib, a Potent Jak1\/Jak2 Inhibitor, Induces Temporary Reductions in the Allelic Burden of Concurrent Csf3r Mutations in Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia","volume":"102","author":"Gunawan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2016.163089","article-title":"Changes in Allele Frequencies of Csf3r and Setbp1 Mutations and Evidence of Clonal Evolution in a Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia Patient Treated With Ruxolitinib","volume":"102","author":"Nooruddin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-016-2664-4","article-title":"Clinical Response to Ruxolitinib in Csf3r T618-Mutated Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia","volume":"95","author":"Stahl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-020-04152-w","article-title":"Durable Remission With Ruxolitinib in a Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia Patient Harboring a Truncation and Membrane Proximal Csf3r Compound Mutation","volume":"100","author":"Hinze","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.19.00895","article-title":"Efficacy of Ruxolitinib in Patients With Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia and Atypical Chronic Myeloid Leukemia","volume":"38","author":"Dao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-019-0688-1","article-title":"Insights on Mechanisms of Clonal Evolution in Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia on Ruxolitinib Therapy","volume":"34","author":"Stoner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leukemia"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2022.891961\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T13:49:51Z","timestamp":1649944191000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2022.891961\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"references-count":99,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2022.891961"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2022.891961","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-943X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"article-number":"891961"}}