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Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are known for their ability to proliferate and self-renew, thus being responsible for sustaining the hematopoietic system and residing in the bone marrow (BM). Leukemic stem cells (LSCs) are recognized by their stemness features such as drug resistance, self-renewal, and undifferentiated state. LSCs are also present in BM, being found in only 0.1%, approximately. This makes their identification and even their differentiation difficult since, despite the mutations, they are cells that still have many similarities with HSCs. Although the common characteristics, LSCs are heterogeneous cells and have different phenotypic characteristics, genetic mutations, and metabolic alterations. This whole set of alterations enables the cell to initiate the process of carcinogenesis, in addition to conferring drug resistance and providing relapses. The study of LSCs has been evolving and its application can help patients, where through its count as a biomarker, it can indicate a prognostic factor and reveal treatment results. The selection of a target to LSC therapy is fundamental. Ideally, the target chosen should be highly expressed by LSCs, highly selective, absence of expression on other cells, in particular HSC, and preferentially expressed by high numbers of patients. In view of the large number of similarities between LSCs and HSCs, it is not surprising that current treatment approaches are limited. In this mini review we seek to describe the immunophenotypic characteristics and mechanisms of resistance presented by LSCs, also approaching possible alternatives for the treatment of patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.931050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]],"date-time":"2022-06-24T20:40:22Z","timestamp":1656103222000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Leukemic Stem Cell: A Mini-Review on Clinical Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Igor Valentim","family":"Barreto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fl\u00e1via Melo Cunha de Pinho","family":"Pessoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caio Bezerra","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laudre\u00edsa da Costa","family":"Pantoja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo Monteiro","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Germison Silva","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Elisabete","family":"Amaral de Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoel Odorico","family":"de Moraes Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas Eduardo Botelho","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rommel M\u00e1rio Rodriguez","family":"Burbano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 Salim","family":"Khayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline Aquino","family":"Moreira-Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.024","article-title":"Niches for Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Their Progeny","volume":"48","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat7873","article-title":"Changing Concepts in Hematopoietic Stem Cells","volume":"362","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci (1979)"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-10-355826","article-title":"Hematopoietic Stem Cells: To be or Notch to be","volume":"119","author":"Bigas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2013.11.004","article-title":"Heterogeneity and Hierarchy of Hematopoietic Stem Cells","volume":"42","author":"Ema","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Hematol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2014.10.016","article-title":"Hematopoietic Stem Cells: An Overview","volume":"51","author":"Mosaad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transfusion Apheresis Sci"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2013.10.002","article-title":"Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells by Bone Marrow Stromal Cells","volume":"35","author":"Anthony","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2017.7419","article-title":"Where Hematopoietic Stem Cells Live: The Bone Marrow Niche","volume":"29","author":"Szade","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antioxidants Redox Signaling"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-020-0260-3","article-title":"Dysregulated Haematopoietic Stem Cell Behaviour in Myeloid Leukaemogenesis","volume":"20","author":"Yamashita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B9","first-page":"517","article-title":"Bone and Stem Cells. 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