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Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and deadly malignant brain tumor, with a median survival of 15 to 17 months for a patient. GBM contains a cellular subpopulation known as GBM stem-like cells (GSCs) that persist in hypoxic niches and are capable of infiltrating into healthy brain tissue. For this reason, GSCs are considered one of the main culprits for GBM recurrence. A hypoxic microenvironment increases extracellular adenosine levels, activating the low affinity A2B adenosine receptor (A<jats:sub>2B<\/jats:sub>AR). Adenosine, through A<jats:sub>2B<\/jats:sub>AR, is capable of modulating invasiveness. However, its role in the invasion\/migration of hypoxic-GSCs is still unknown. This study aims to understand the importance of A<jats:sub>2B<\/jats:sub>AR in modulating the migratory\/invasive capacity of GSCs under hypoxia. Data analysis from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) program correlates A<jats:sub>2B<\/jats:sub>AR expression with high-grade glioma and hypoxic necrotic areas. U87MG and primary culture-derived GSCs under hypoxic conditions (0.5% O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) increased A<jats:sub>2B<\/jats:sub>AR mRNA and protein levels. As expected, the migratory and invasive capacity of GSCs increased under hypoxia, which was counteracted by blocking A<jats:sub>2B<\/jats:sub>AR, through the downregulation of MMP9 activity and epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition marker expression. Finally, in a xenograft mouse model, we demonstrate that treatment with MRS1754 did not affect the tumor volume but could decrease blood vessel formation and VEGF expression. Our results suggest that extracellular adenosine, through the activation of A<jats:sub>2B<\/jats:sub>AR, enhances the migratory and invasive capacity of GSCs <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> under hypoxic conditions. Targeting A<jats:sub>2B<\/jats:sub>AR can be an effective therapy for GBM recurrence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.969993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T06:30:55Z","timestamp":1660804255000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The low affinity A2B adenosine receptor enhances migratory and invasive capacity in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo of glioblastoma stem-like cells"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9 I.","family":"Erices","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Niechi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atenea","family":"Uribe-Ojeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda de los 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