{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T23:01:03Z","timestamp":1773788463309,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81902347"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81902347"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>More and more ground glass opacity associated lung adenocarcinoma (GGO-LUAD) have been diagnosed in young patients nowadays. Our study aims to investigate the clinical features and surgical outcomes of young patients with GGO-LUAD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients aged \u2264 40 years who were diagnosed as lung adenocarcinoma and who underwent video assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) were retrospectively reviewed from January 2017 to December 2018. According to radiological appearance of the patient\u2019s lesions, they were divided into a solid nodule (SN) group and GGO group. The pathological subtypes, surgical procedures and nodules size were analyzed, and the clinical features and prognosis were evaluated between these patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 165 patients were included, of which 133 were in the GGO group and 32 in the SN group. Both the GGO group and the SN group had a higher proportion of females and non-smokers. Compared with patients (15.63%) in the SN group, there are more patients (27.8%) under the age of 30 in the GGO group. Pathological findings showed 83.5% of lesions were pre-invasive lesions in the GGO group, although 16.5% of lesions were invasive adenocarcinoma, whereas in the SN group, 96.9% were invasive adenocarcinoma. The GGO group had significantly better histological characteristics and prognosis than the SN group. Perioperative complications occurred in only 6 patients, including pneumonia in one patient, pneumothorax in two patients, and prolonged air leak in three patients. No other serious complications or deaths occurred. After a median follow-up time of 41.2 \u00b1 7.2 months (32-56), the 3-year recurrence free survival (RFS) (100%) and overall survival (OS) (100%) of the GGO group were significantly higher than those (93.42% and 96.88%) in the SN group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Young patients with GGO-LUAD are mainly non-smokers and female. Most of these patients were early-stage with good prognosis after surgery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.979522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T06:58:15Z","timestamp":1663138695000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Clinical features and surgical outcomes of young patients with lung adenocarcinoma manifesting as ground glass opacity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Rirong","family":"Qu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dehao","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yixin","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Ping","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangning","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21338","article-title":"Cancer statistics in China, 2015","volume":"66","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30127-X","article-title":"Changing cancer survival in China during 2003-15: A pooled analysis of 17 population-based cancer registries","volume":"6","author":"Zeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1102873","article-title":"Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening","volume":"365","author":"Aberle","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2019.10.145","article-title":"Results of low-dose computed tomography as a regular health examination among Chinese hospital employees","volume":"160","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2017.11.129","article-title":"Influence of ground glass opacity and the corresponding pathological findings on survival in patients with clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"13","author":"Aokage","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semtcvs.2020.12.009","article-title":"Surgical strategies for pre- and minimally invasive lung adenocarcinoma 3.0: Lessons learned from the optimal timing of surgical intervention","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"B8","article-title":"Progress in early diagnosis of lung cancer","author":"Chun-Xue","year":"","journal-title":"Respir Crit Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2011.07.002","article-title":"Long-term prognosis of patients with lung cancer detected on lowdose chest computed tomography screening","volume":"75","author":"Nawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e318206a221","article-title":"International association for the study of lung cancer\/american thoracic society\/european respiratory society international multidisciplinary classification of lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"6","author":"Travis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s13019-020-01107-0","article-title":"Single-center experience of simultaneous bilateral uni-portal video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for multiple ground-glass opacities","volume":"15","author":"Qu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24872499","DOI":"10.21037\/tlcr-21-132","article-title":"Should resection extent be decided by total lesion size or solid component size in ground glass opacity-containing lung adenocarcinomas","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Lung Cancer Res"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.785777","article-title":"Clinical features and surgical treatment of synchronous multiple primary lung adenocarcinomas with different EGFR mutations","volume":"11","author":"Qu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e3181c41e8d","article-title":"Distinctive characteristics of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the young: a surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) analysis","volume":"5","author":"Subramanian","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2015.00113","article-title":"Trends and characteristics of young non-small cell lung cancer patients in the united states","volume":"5","author":"Thomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30539","article-title":"Unique prevalence of oncogenic genetic alterations in young patients with lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"123","author":"Tanaka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2015.4482","article-title":"Association between younger age and targetable genomic alterations and prognosis in non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"2","author":"Sacher","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6817","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86203-4","article-title":"Epidemiology and prognosis in young lung cancer patients aged under 45 years old in northern China","volume":"11","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-021-03611-9","article-title":"Ground glass opacity featured lung adenocarcinoma in teenagers","volume":"147","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35094091","article-title":"Tobacco and the global lung cancer epidemic","volume":"1","author":"Proctor","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2016.05.021","article-title":"The international epidemiology of lung cancer: latest trends, disparities, and tumor characteristics","volume":"11","author":"Cheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-09-0376","article-title":"Lung cancer in never smokers: Clinical epidemiology and environmental risk factors","volume":"15","author":"Samet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Can Res"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33583","article-title":"The genomic landscape of young and old lung cancer patients highlights age-dependent mutation frequencies and clinical actionability in young patients","volume":"149","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557563","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2019.01.32","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and prognosis of groundglass opacity nodules in young patients","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.13-1094","article-title":"Appropriate sublobar resection choice for ground glass opacitydominant clinical stage IA lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"145","author":"Tsutani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.5761\/atcs.oa.11.01726","article-title":"Thoracoscopic segmentectomy with intraoperative evaluation of sentinel nodes for stage I non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"18","author":"Moroga","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017161659","article-title":"Guidelines for management of incidental pulmonary nodules detected on CT images: from the fleischner society 2017","volume":"284","author":"MacMahon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2019.05.005","article-title":"Long-term follow up of ground-glass nodules after 5 years of stability","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.5521","article-title":"Benefits and harms of CT screening for lung cancer: a systematic review","volume":"307","author":"Bach","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2019.08.002","article-title":"Distinct prognostic factors in patients with stage I non-small cell lung cancer with radiologic part-solid or solid lesions","volume":"14","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"B31","volume-title":"NCCN Guidelines","author":"Wood","year":""},{"key":"B32","unstructured":""},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112137-20210207-00377","volume":"101","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"key":"B34","volume-title":"version 5.2021","author":"Ettinger","year":""},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2018.06.058","article-title":"Predictors of pathologic tumor invasion and prognosis for ground glass opacity associated lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"106","author":"Ye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2022.979522\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T06:58:22Z","timestamp":1663138702000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2022.979522\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2022.979522"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2022.979522","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-943X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]]},"article-number":"979522"}}