{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T07:22:38Z","timestamp":1773732158054,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005851","name":"Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005851","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Brain tumors (BTs) are perceived as one of the most common malignancies among children. The specific regulation of each gene can play a critical role in cancer progression. The present study aimed to determine the transcripts of the <jats:italic>TSGA10<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>GGNBP2<\/jats:italic> genes, considering the alternative 5\u2032UTR region, and investigating the expression of these different transcripts in BTs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Public data on brain tumor microarray datasets in GEO were analyzed with R software to evaluate the expression levels of <jats:italic>TSGA10<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>GGNBP2<\/jats:italic> genes (the Pheatmap package in R was also used to plot DEGs in a heat map). In addition, to validate our in-silico data analysis, RT-PCR was performed to determine the splicing variants of <jats:italic>TSGA10<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>GGNBP2<\/jats:italic> genes in testis and brain tumor samples. The expression levels of splice variants of these genes were analyzed in 30 brain tumor samples and two testicular tissue samples as a positive control.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In silico results show that the differential expression levels of <jats:italic>TSGA10<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>GGNBP2<\/jats:italic> were significant in the GEO datasets of BTs compared to normal samples (with adjusted p-value&amp;lt;0.05 and log fold change &amp;gt; 1). This study\u2019s experimental results showed that the <jats:italic>TSGA10<\/jats:italic> gene produces four different transcripts with two distinct promoter regions and splicing exon 4. The relative mRNA expression of transcripts without exon 4 was higher than transcripts with exon 4 in BT samples (p-value&amp;lt;001). In <jats:italic>GGNBP2<\/jats:italic>, exon 2 in the 5\u2032UTR region and exon 6 in the coding sequence were spliced. The expression analysis results showed that the relative mRNA expression of transcript variants without exon 2 was higher than other transcript variants with exon 2 in BT samples (p-value&amp;lt;001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The decreased expression levels of transcripts with longer 5\u2032UTR in BT samples than in testicular or low-grade brain tumor samples may decrease their translation efficiency. Therefore, decreased amounts of TSGA10 and GGNBP2 as potential tumor suppressor proteins, especially in high-grade brain tumors, may cause cancer development by angiogenesis and metastasis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1075638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,13]],"date-time":"2023-02-13T06:08:05Z","timestamp":1676268485000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Identification of TSGA10 and GGNBP2 splicing variants in 5\u2032 untranslated region with distinct expression profiles in brain tumor samples"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Reihane","family":"Kazerani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pouya","family":"Salehipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammadreza","family":"Shah 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