{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T08:04:19Z","timestamp":1766390659935,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection causes chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Furthermore, about 20% of the patients develop extrahepatic manifestations such as cryoglobulinemic vasculitis (CV), polyarteritis nodosa, non-rheumatoid arthritis, glomerulonephritis and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. This review analyzed literature data on clinical manifestations of HBV-related CV and the impact of antiviral therapy with analoques nucleotide.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A PubMed search was performed to select eligible studies in the literature, up to July 2022.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Some studies have analyzed clinical manifestations in HBV-related CV and have investigated the role of antiviral therapy with nucleotides analogues (NAs). Clinical manifestations of CV vary from mild to moderate (purpura, asthenia and arthralgias) to severe (leg ulcers, peripheral neuropathy, glomerulonephritis, and non-Hodking lymphoma). NAs therapy leads to suppression of HBV-DNA; therefore, it is capable of producing clinical response in the majority of patients with mild to moderate symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antiviral therapy with NAs is the first choice for HBV suppression and control of mild to moderate disease. In severe vasculitis (glomerulonephritis, progressive peripheral neuropathy and leg ulcers), rituximab alone or with plasma-exchange is always indicated in combination with antiviral therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1095780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T08:44:00Z","timestamp":1675759440000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Hepatitis B virus-infection related cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. Clinical manifestations and the effect of antiviral therapy: A review of the literature"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Cesare","family":"Mazzaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Bomben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcella","family":"Visentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Gragnani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Quartuccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Saccardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Sebastiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Filippini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Lauletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Monti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valter","family":"Gattei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra031087","article-title":"Hepatitis b virus infection\u2013natural history and clinical consequences","volume":"350","author":"Ganem","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001575","article-title":"Hepatitis b virus infection and extra-hepatic manifestations: A systemic disease","volume":"117","author":"Cacoub","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2009.03.006","article-title":"Hepatitis b-related autoimmune manifestations","volume":"35","author":"Cacoub","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2012.10.014","article-title":"Telbivudine in the treatment of hepatitis b-associated cryoglobulinemia","volume":"56","author":"Boglione","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.03.018","article-title":"Hepatitis b virus related cryoglobulinemic vasculitis: A multicentre open label study from the gruppo italiano di studio delle crioglobulinemie - GISC","volume":"48","author":"Mazzaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.3390\/v13061032","article-title":"Hepatitis b virus-related cryoglobulinemic vasculitis: Review of the literature and long-term follow-up analysis of 18 patients treated with nucleos(t)ide analogues from the Italian study group of cryoglobulinemia (GISC)","volume":"13","author":"Mazzaro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.03.021","article-title":"Electronic address eee, European association for the study of the l. 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