{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T05:18:55Z","timestamp":1790745535285,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>T-follicular helper (TFH) cells are one of the T-cell subsets with a critical role in the regulation of germinal center (GC) reactions. TFH cells contribute to the positive selection of GC B-cells and promote plasma cell differentiation and antibody production. TFH cells express a unique phenotype characterized by <jats:italic>PD-1<jats:sup>hi<\/jats:sup>, ICOS<jats:sup>hi<\/jats:sup>, CD40L<jats:sup>hi<\/jats:sup>, CD95<jats:sup>hi<\/jats:sup>, CTLA<jats:sup>hi<\/jats:sup>, CCR7<jats:sup>lo<\/jats:sup>, and CXCR5<jats:sup>hi<\/jats:sup><\/jats:italic>. Three main subtypes of nodal TFH lymphomas have been described: 1) angioimmunoblastic-type, 2) follicular-type, and 3) not otherwise specified (NOS). The diagnosis of these neoplasms can be challenging, and it is rendered based on a combination of clinical, laboratory, histopathologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular findings. The markers most frequently used to identify a TFH immunophenotype in paraffin-embedded tissue sections include PD-1, CXCL13, CXCR5, ICOS, BCL6, and CD10. These neoplasms feature a characteristic and similar, but not identical, mutational landscape with mutations in epigenetic modifiers (<jats:italic>TET2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>DNMT3A<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>IDH2<\/jats:italic>), <jats:italic>RHOA<\/jats:italic>, and T-cell receptor signaling genes. Here, we briefly review the biology of TFH cells and present a summary of the current pathologic, molecular, and genetic features of nodal lymphomas. We want to highlight the importance of performing a consistent panel of TFH immunostains and mutational studies in TCLs to identify TFH lymphomas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1105651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T08:50:24Z","timestamp":1675068624000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Pathologic and molecular insights in nodal T-follicular helper cell lymphomas"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mario 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