{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T05:31:03Z","timestamp":1780378263413,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Associations between diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (MSCTD) and breast cancer (BC) have not been elucidated completely. The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations of MSCTD, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjogren syndrome (SS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc), dermatomyositis (DM), polymyositis (PM), osteoarthritis (OA) of hip or knee, and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) with BC in European populations and East Asian populations using Mendelian randomized (MR) analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The genetic instruments linked to MSCTD, RA, SS, SLE, SSc, DM, PM, OA, and AS were chosen from the EBI database of complete genome-wide association studies (GWAS) summary data and the FinnGen consortium. The associations of genetic variants with BC were extracted from the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC). Two Sample MR was performed using summary data from GWAS, principally using the inverse variant weighted (IVW) method. Heterogeneity, pleiotropy, and sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the robustness of the results by weighted median, MR Egger, simple mode, weighted mode, and leave-one-out analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the European population, causal relationships between RA and BC (OR=1.04, 95%CI: 1.01-1.07, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.023), AS and BC (OR=1.21, 95%CI: 1.06-1.36, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.013) were confirmed. IVW analysis showed DM (OR=0.98, 95%CI: 0.96-0.99, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.026) and PM (OR=0.98, 95%CI: 0.97-0.99, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.002) were associated with slightly decreased risks of estrogen receptor (ER)+ BC, and MSCTD was associated with an increased risk of ER- BC (OR=1.85, 95%CI: 1.27-2.44, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.039). There was no causal relationship between SLE, SS, SSc, OA, and BC, neither ER+ BC nor ER- BC. However, in the East Asian population, IVW analysis showed that RA (OR=0.94, 95%CI: 0.89-0.99, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.0096) and SLE (OR=0.95, 95%CI: 0.92-0.99, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>=0.0058) was associated with decreased risks of BC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study suggests that causal relationships between patients with MSCTD and BC in the European population are different from those in the East Asian population, patients with RA and AS in the European population have an increased risk of BC, patients with MSCTD have increased risk of ER- BC in the European population, while patients with RA and SLE in the East Asian population have decreased risk of BC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1170119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T06:25:12Z","timestamp":1682490312000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue and risk of breast cancer: Mendelian randomization study in European and East Asian 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