{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T00:16:00Z","timestamp":1793146560462,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevalence of gastric cancer has markedly declined, but due to the high mortality rates associated with gastric cancer, it is still a serious disease. The preferred classification of gastric cancer is according to Lauren into either the intestinal type, which has a glandular growth pattern, or the diffuse type, which does not have glandular structures. Both types have been classified as adenocarcinomas, with the latter type based on periodic acid\u2013Schiff (PAS) positivity presumed to reflect mucin. However, the presence of mucin in the diffuse type, in contrast to neuroendocrine\/enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell markers, has not been confirmed by immunohistochemistry and <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> hybridization. The ECL cells are probably prone to becoming cancerous because they do not express E-cadherin. Gastric cancer is unique in that a bacterium, <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>, is thought to be its main cause. <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> predisposes infected individuals to cancer only after having caused oxyntic atrophy leading to gastric hypoacidity and hypergastrinemia. No single <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> factor has been convincingly proved to be carcinogenic. It is probable that gastrin is the pathogenetic factor for gastric cancer due to <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>, autoimmune gastritis, and long-term prolonged inhibition of gastric acid secretion. Hypergastrinemia induces ECL cell hyperplasia, which develops into neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and then into neuroendocrine carcinomas in rodents, a sequence that has also been described in humans. During carcinogenesis, the tumor cells lose specific traits, requiring that sensitive methods be used to recognize their origin. Gastric cancer occurrence may hopefully be prevented by <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> eradication at a young age, and by the reduced use of inhibitors of acid secretion and use of a gastrin antagonist in those with previous long-term <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection and those with autoimmune gastritis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1176673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T06:11:52Z","timestamp":1698214312000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The central role of gastrin in gastric cancer"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Helge","family":"Waldum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Mj\u00f8nes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm199507063330107","article-title":"Gastric carcinoma","volume":"333","author":"Fuchs","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLO-BOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA: Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajco.13654","article-title":"Overview of epidemiological characteristics, clinical features, and risk factors of gastric cancer in Asia-Pacific region","volume":"18","author":"Akbari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1008849014992","article-title":"The incidence of gastric carcinoma in Asian migrants to th0e United States and their descendants","volume":"10","author":"Kamineni","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)91816-6","article-title":"Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration","volume":"1","author":"Marshall","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet (London England)"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm199110173251603","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of gastric carcinoma","volume":"325","author":"Parsonnet","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B7","first-page":"812","article-title":"Geswulste des Magens und des Duo-denums","volume-title":"Handbuch des Speziellen Pathologischen Anato-mie und Histologie","author":"Borrmann","year":"1926"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.1965.64.1.31","article-title":"The two histological main types of gastric carcinoma: Diffuse and so-called intestinal-type carci-noma. An attemt at a histo-clinical classification","volume":"64","author":"Lauren","year":"1965","journal-title":"Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01687364","article-title":"Periodic acid-Schiff-alcian blue: a method for the differential staining of glycoproteins","volume":"19","author":"Yamabayashi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Histochem J"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0463.2002.100302.x","article-title":"Neuroendocrine differentia-tion in gastric adenocarcinomas associated with severe hypergastrinemia and\/or pernicious anemia","volume":"110","author":"Qvigstad","year":"2002","journal-title":"Apmis"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12208","article-title":"The regulation of gastric acid secretion - clinical perspectives","volume":"210","author":"Waldum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Physiol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2014.02.008","article-title":"The PAS positive mate-rial in gastric cancer cells of signet ring type is not mucin","volume":"96","author":"S\u00f8rdal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp Mol Pathol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.Epi-09-0250","article-title":"Stomach carcinoma incidence patterns in the United States by histologic type and anatomic site","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19124109","article-title":"Types of gastric carcinomas","volume":"19","author":"Waldum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-12820-6_12","article-title":"Carcinoid (ECL cell) tumor of the oxyntic mucosa of the stomach, a hormone dependent neoplasm","volume":"8","author":"Bordi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Prog Surg Pathology Field Wood"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v2.i2.59","article-title":"Early-onset gastric cancer: Learning lessons from the young","volume":"2","author":"Milne","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Oncol"},{"key":"B17","first-page":"24","article-title":"Gastric acidity before and after the development of carcinoma of the stomach","volume":"38","author":"Comfort","year":"1946","journal-title":"Collect Papers Mayo Clinic Mayo Found"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1955.35","article-title":"Intestinal metaplasia of the gastric mucosa","volume":"9","author":"Morson","year":"1955","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1960.tb17401.x","article-title":"Atrophic gastritis as a possible precursor of gastric carcinoma and pernicious ane-mia. Results of follow-up examinations","volume":"166","author":"Siurala","year":"1960","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa001999","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection and the development of gastric cancer","volume":"345","author":"Uemura","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B21","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Biological agents. Volume 100 B. A review of human carcinogens","year":"2012"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-5378.2000.0050s1003.x","article-title":"Disease-specific Helicobacter pylori virulence factors: the unfulfilled promise","author":"Graham","year":"2000","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/or.16.6.1333","article-title":"Analysis of the differences in structural chromosomal aberrations of the gastric mucosa between H. pylori positive and negative gastric cancer patients: involvement of H. pylori in the onset of gastric cancer and ex-amination of the mechanism in gastric carcinogenesis following H. pylori eradication","volume":"16","author":"Ohara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.1998.6","article-title":"An age- and gender-specific analysis of H. pylori infection","volume":"18","author":"Khan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07853899509002470","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori in peptic ulcer: have Koch's postulates been fulfilled","volume":"27","author":"Marshall","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i46.10118","article-title":"Role of dupA in virulence of Helicobacter pylori","volume":"22","author":"Talebi Bezmin Abadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2013.838994","article-title":"Histological characteristics of gastric mucosa prior to Helicobacter pylori eradication may predict gastric cancer","volume":"48","author":"Kodama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/mog.0000000000000472","article-title":"Guilt by association: intestinal metaplasia does not progress to gastric cancer","volume":"34","author":"Graham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cur-rent Opin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102063","article-title":"Metaplasia in the stomach-precursor of gastric cancer","volume":"18","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-017-0708-4","article-title":"Adenocarcinoma risk in gastric atrophy and intestinal metaplasia: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Spence","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-015-0544-6","article-title":"Incidence of and risk factors for metachronous gastric cancer after endoscopic resection and successful Helicobacter pylori eradication: results of a large-scale, multicenter cohort study in Japan","volume":"19","author":"Mori","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12328-021-01577-2","article-title":"Advanced gastric cancer detected during regular follow-up after eradication of Heli-cobacter pylori","volume":"15","author":"Tanaka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314605","article-title":"Long-term proton pump in-hibitors and risk of gastric cancer development after treatment for Helicobacter pylori: a population-based study","volume":"67","author":"Cheung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-019-01639-w","article-title":"Risk of gastric cancer in the second decade of follow-up after Helicobacter pylori eradication","volume":"55","author":"Take","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00001","article-title":"Gastrin and gastric cancer","volume":"8","author":"Waldum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000080","article-title":"Role of autoimmune gastritis in gastric cancer","volume":"10","author":"Waldum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Transl Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28999","article-title":"Global burden of gastric cancer attributable to Helicobacter pylori","volume":"136","author":"Plummer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19990615)85:12<2506::AID-CNCR3>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Patients younger than 40 years with gastric carcinoma: Helicobacter pylori genotype and associated gastritis phenotype","volume":"85","author":"Rugge","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/003655200750024100","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma in young patients","volume":"35","author":"Haruma","year":"2000","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dji277","article-title":"Long-term results of anti-Helicobacter pylori therapy in early-stage gastric high-grade transformed MALT lymphoma","volume":"97","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-57054-4_15","article-title":"Relapse of low-grade gastric MALT lymphoma after Helicobacter pylori eradication: true relapse or persistence? Long-term post-treatment follow-up of a multicenter trial in the north-east of Italy and evaluation of the diagnostic protocol's adequacy","volume":"156","author":"Savio","year":"2000","journal-title":"Recent Results Cancer Res"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2026337118","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of Helicobacter suis from human stomach","volume":"118","author":"Rimbara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4254605","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4254605","article-title":"Helicobacter suis-Associated Gastritis Mimicking Conventional H. pylori -Associated Atrophic Gastritis","volume":"2022","author":"Iwamuro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Rep Gastrointest Med"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-195510000-00015","article-title":"Primary peptic ulcerations of the jejunum associated with islet cell tumors of the pancreas","volume":"142","author":"Zollinger","year":"1955","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(74)80038-7","article-title":"Inhibition of acid secretion in dog by metiamide, a histamine antagonist act-ing on H2 receptors","volume":"66","author":"Grossman","year":"1974","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/253053a0","article-title":"Histamine release by gastric stimulants","volume":"253","author":"Rangachari","year":"1975","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1976.tb10281.x","article-title":"Effects of secretagogues on oxygen consumption, aminopyrine accumulation and morphology in isolated gastric glands","volume":"97","author":"Berglindh","year":"1976","journal-title":"Acta physiol Scandinavica"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528709011147","article-title":"Gastric acid secretion in the totally isolated, vascularly perfused rat stomach. A selective muscarinic-1 agent does, whereas gastrin does not, augment maximal histamine-stimulated acid secretion","volume":"22","author":"Kleveland","year":"1987","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520152584734","article-title":"The CCK-2 receptor is located on the ECL cell, but not on the parietal cell","volume":"36","author":"Bakke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.8.3605","article-title":"Expression cloning and characterization of the canine parietal cell gastrin receptor","volume":"89","author":"Kopin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2020.04.008","article-title":"Hypergastrinemia expands gastric ECL cells through CCK2R(+) progeni-tor cells via ERK activation","volume":"10","author":"Sheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-201x.2000.00688.x","article-title":"Gastrin has a specific proliferative effect on the rat enterochromaffin-like cell, but not on the parietal cell: a study by elutriation centrifugation","volume":"169","author":"Bakke","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Scand"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(67)90133-6","article-title":"Concomitant histochemical demonstration of histamine and catecholamines in enterochromaffin-like cells of gastric mucosa","volume":"6","author":"Hakanson","year":"1967","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00492340","article-title":"Histamine in endocrine cells in the stomach","volume":"86","author":"Hakanson","year":"1986","journal-title":"A survey several species using panel histamine anti-bodies Histochem"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20102444","article-title":"The enterochromaffin-like [ECL] cell-central in gastric physiology and pathology","volume":"20","author":"Waldum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2014.909275","article-title":"The normal neuroendocrine cells of the upper gastrointestinal tract lack E-cadherin","volume":"49","author":"Waldum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0046-8177(94)90275-5","article-title":"Production of basic fibroblast growth factor by gastric carcinoid tumors and their putative cells of origin","volume":"25","author":"Bordi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-004-1354-5","article-title":"Reg protein is a unique growth factor of gastric mucosal cells","volume":"39","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1207333","article-title":"Transgenic overexpression of Reg protein caused gastric cell proliferation and differentiation along parietal cell and chief cell lineages","volume":"23","author":"Miyaoka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000200235","article-title":"Self-replication of enterochromaffin-like cells in the mouse stomach","volume":"45","author":"Tielemans","year":"1990","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)90787-Y","article-title":"Rapid regression of enterochromaffin like cell gastric carcinoids in pernicious anemia after antrectomy","volume":"102","author":"Hirschowitz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.76664","article-title":"Single-cell monitoring of dry mass and dry mass density reveals exocytosis of cellular dry contents in mitosis","volume":"11","author":"Miettinen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19880915)62:6<1096:aid-cncr2820620612>3.0.co;2-t","article-title":"Endocrine differentiation of gastric adenocarcinoma. The prevalence as evaluated by immunoreactive chromogranin A and its biologic significance","volume":"62","author":"Ooi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.1984.tb02335.x","article-title":"Histopathology of gastric carcinoids: a survey of 42 cases","volume":"8","author":"Wilander","year":"1984","journal-title":"Histo-pathology"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1159\/000199381","article-title":"Enterochromaffin-like cell carcinoids of gastric mucosa in rats after life-long inhibition of gastric secretion","author":"Havu","year":"1986","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.27.11.1338","article-title":"Changes in the gastric mucosa of the mouse associ-ated with long lasting unsurmountable histamine H2 blockade","volume":"27","author":"Poynter","year":"1986","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1990.tb01780.x","article-title":"Proposed mechanism of induction of gastric carcinoids: the gastrin hypothesis","author":"Hakanson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(87)90968-1","article-title":"Variable contribution of gastrin to gastric acid secretion after a meal in humans","volume":"92","author":"Blair","year":"1987","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.42.4.371","article-title":"Mucosal argyrophil endocrine cells in pernicious anaemia and upper gastrointestinal carcinoid tumours","volume":"42","author":"Sjoblom","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520410003281","article-title":"Hypergastrinaemia induced by partial corpectomy results in development of enterochromaffin-like cell carcinoma in male Japanese cotton rats","volume":"39","author":"Fossmark","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-5378.2002.00115.x","article-title":"Enterocromaffin-like cell tumor induced by Helicobacter pylori infection in Mongolian gerbils","volume":"7","author":"Kagawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"B72","article-title":"Rapid induction of enterochromaffinlike cell tumors by histamine2-receptor blockade","volume":"142","author":"Nilsson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/s0016-5085(00)70412-4","article-title":"Synergistic interaction between hypergastrinemia and Helicobacter infection in a mouse model of gastric cancer","volume":"118","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(85)90131-3","article-title":"Gastric endocrine cell hyperplasia and carcinoid tumors in pernicious anemia","volume":"88","author":"Borch","year":"1985","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199006000-00001","article-title":"Gastric argyrophil carcinoidosis in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome due to type 1 multiple endocrine neoplasia. A newly recognized association","volume":"14","author":"Solcia","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02065537","article-title":"Fundic argyrophil carcinoid tumor in a patient with sporad-ic-type Zollinger-Ellison syndrome","volume":"40","author":"Cadiot","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.35.2.275","article-title":"Argyrophil cell hyperplasia and a carcinoid tumour in the stomach of a patient with sporadic Zollinger-Ellison syndrome","volume":"35","author":"Feurle","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2013.878381","article-title":"Gastric carcinoid in the absence of atrophic body gastritis and with low Ki67 index: a clinical challenge","volume":"49","author":"Lahner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21020662","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitor use, hypergastrinemia, and gastric carcinoids-what is the relationship","volume":"21","author":"McCarthy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-004-7345-0","article-title":"Regression of type II gastric carcinoids in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome after surgical excision of all gastrinomas","volume":"28","author":"Richards","year":"2004","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90266-f","article-title":"Three subtypes of gastric argyrophil carcinoid and the gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study","volume":"104","author":"Rindi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13133159","article-title":"Tumor classification should be based on biology and not consensus: re-defining tumors based on biology may accelerate progress, an experience of gastric cancer","volume":"13","author":"Waldum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2020-0315-OA","article-title":"Enterochromaffin-like cell hyperplasia-associated gastric neuroendocrine tumors may arise in the setting of proton pump inhibitor use: the need for a new clinicopathologic category","volume":"146","author":"Rais","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1999.tb01513.x","article-title":"Clinical and histopathological tumour progression in ECL cell carcinoids (\"ECLomas\")","volume":"107","author":"Qvigstad","year":"1999","journal-title":"Apmis"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2015.1010570","article-title":"Occurrence of gastric cancer and carcinoids in atrophic gastritis during prospective long-term follow up","volume":"50","author":"Lahner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1080\/00365529850166266","article-title":"The risk of gastric carcinoma and carcinoid tumours in patients with pernicious anaemia","volume":"33","author":"Kokkola","year":"1998","journal-title":"A prospective follow-up study. Scandinavian J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1997.110281000.x","article-title":"YF476 is a new potent and selective gastrin\/cholecystokinin-B receptor antagonist in vitro and in vivo","volume":"11","author":"Takinami","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12090","article-title":"Treatment of gastric carcinoids type 1 with the gastrin receptor antagonist netazepide (YF476) results in regression of tumours and normalisation of serum chromogranin A","volume":"36","author":"Fossmark","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01300745","article-title":"Omeprazole. Gastrin and gastric endocrine cell data from clinical studies","volume":"36","author":"Berlin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Digest Dis Sci"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000200923","article-title":"Clinical significance of hypergastrinaemia: relevance to gastrin monitoring during omeprazole therapy","author":"Freston","year":"1992","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-017-0311-8","article-title":"Expression of the cholecystokinin-B receptor in neoplastic gastric cells","volume":"9","author":"Mjones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Horm Cancer"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i25.3066","article-title":"Gastric carcinoid in a patient infected with Helicobacter pylori: a new entity","volume":"17","author":"Antonodimitrakis","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/01913128009141444","article-title":"Gastric carcinoids of argyrophil ECL cells","volume":"1","author":"Capella","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ul-trastruct Pathol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1979.tb13517.x","article-title":"Pernicious anaemia as a risk factor in gastric cancer","volume":"206","author":"Elsborg","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2012.05101.x","article-title":"Autoimmune gastritis: histology phenotype and OLGA staging","volume":"35","author":"Rugge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aliment Pharma-col Ther"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126548","article-title":"Gastritis, gastric polyps and gastric cancer","volume":"22","author":"Waldum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8100419","article-title":"Distinct features of autoimmune gastritis in patients with open-type chronic gastritis in Japan","volume":"8","author":"Tsuboi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640616644142","article-title":"Distinct metaplastic and inflammatory phenotypes in autoimmune and adenocarcinoma-associated chronic atrophic gastritis","volume":"5","author":"Jeong","year":"2017","journal-title":"United Eur Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"B99","article-title":"Intestinal metaplasia, atrophic gastritis and stomach cancer: trends over time","author":"Sipponen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-4389.2004.00205.x","article-title":"Effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on gastric acid secretion and meal-stimulated serum gastrin in children","volume":"9","author":"Kato","year":"2004","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2019.1663446","article-title":"Gastric cancer and gastrin: on the interaction of Helicobacter pylori gastritis and acid inhibitory induced hypergastrinemia","volume":"54","author":"Waldum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136977","article-title":"Gastrin and the moderate hypergastrinemias","volume":"22","author":"Rehfeld","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.39.5.649","article-title":"Marked increase in gastric acid secretory capacity after omeprazole treatment","volume":"39","author":"Waldum","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-327827","article-title":"Autoimmune gastritis: long-term natural history in na\u00efve","volume":"72","author":"Rugge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Helicobacter pylori-negative patients. Gut"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2022-329323","article-title":"Conclusion that autoimmune gastritis does not predispose to gastric cancer is unproven","author":"Waldum","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.34231","article-title":"Effect of chronic hypergastrinemia on human enterochromaffin-like cells: insights from patients with sporadic gastrinomas","volume":"123","author":"Peghini","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90398-4","article-title":"Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in subtypes of gastric cancer","volume":"109","author":"Hansson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19082424","article-title":"Diffuse gastric cancer: A summary of analogous contributing factors for its molecular pathogenicity","volume":"19","author":"Ansari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/84.2.137","article-title":"Composite carcinoma-carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. A morphologic, histochemical, and immunocytochemical study","volume":"84","author":"Klappenbach","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58040470","article-title":"Do gastric signet ring cell carcinomas and ECL-cell neuroendocrine tumours have a common origin","volume":"58","author":"Fossmark","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19820501)49:9<1904::AID-CNCR2820490925>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Scirrhous argyrophil cell carcinoma of the stomach with multiple production of polypeptide hormones, amine, CEA, lysozyme, and HCG","volume":"49","author":"Tahara","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0283","article-title":"Carcinogenic hypergastrinemia: signet-ring cell carcinoma in a patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 with Zollinger-Ellison's syndrome","volume":"92","author":"Schott","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2211807","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori, homologous-recombination genes, and gastric cancer","volume":"388","author":"Usui","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1159\/000519337","article-title":"Pathological diversity of gastric cancer from the viewpoint of background condition","volume":"103","author":"Abe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-016-0537-x","article-title":"Malignant transformation of a gastric hyperplastic polyp in a context of Helicobacter pylori-negative autoimmune gastritis: a case report","volume":"16","author":"Yamanaka","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0950-3528(93)90035-Q","article-title":"Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells and their growths: relationships to gastrin, reduced acid secretion and gastritis","volume":"7","author":"Solcia","year":"1993","journal-title":"Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529109093195","article-title":"Enterochromaffin-like tumour cells in the diffuse but not the intestinal type of gastric carcinomas","volume":"3","author":"Waldum","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19980801)83:3<435::AID-CNCR11>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"Neuroendocrine differentiation in human gastric carcinoma","volume":"83","author":"Waldum","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zqab062","DOI":"10.1093\/function\/zqab062","article-title":"Gastrin: from physiology to gastrointestinal Malignancies","volume":"3","author":"Duan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Funct (Oxf)"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1991.260.6.G925","article-title":"CCK-B (gastrin) receptor regulates gastric histamine release and acid secretion","volume":"260","author":"Sandvik","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.33.10.1303","article-title":"Trophic effect of gastrin on the enterochromaffin like cells of the rat stomach: establishment of a dose response relationship","volume":"33","author":"Brenna","year":"1992","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.741887","article-title":"Effects of proton pump inhibitor therapy, H. pylori infection and gastric preneoplastic pathology on fasting serum gastrin concentrations","volume":"12","author":"Veysey-Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12380","article-title":"Hypergastrinemia is associated with adenocarcinomas in the gastric corpus and shorter patient survival","volume":"123","author":"Fossmark","year":"2015","journal-title":"Apmis"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15540","article-title":"Natural history of autoimmune atrophic gastritis: a prospective, single centre, long-term experience","volume":"50","author":"Miceli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199908263410902","article-title":"Surgery to cure the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome","volume":"341","author":"Norton","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddv054","article-title":"Exome sequencing identifies ATP4A gene as responsible of an atypical familial type I gastric neuroendocrine tumour","volume":"24","author":"Calvete","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-014-3468-9","article-title":"Gastrin may mediate the carcinogenic effect of helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach","volume":"60","author":"Waldum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010500","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic viral hepatitis: where do we stand","volume":"23","author":"Russo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14701\/ahbps.21-108","article-title":"Identification of key genes and carcinogenic pathways in hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma through bioinformatics analysis","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Hepatobil Pancreat Surg"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13225844","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: from epidemiology to diagnostic approach","volume":"13","author":"Grgurevic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2022.03.012","article-title":"Association of helicobacter pylori and autoimmune gastritis with stomach cancer in a cohort of young finnish women","volume":"163","author":"Butt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12012","article-title":"Gastric carcinoids after long-term use of a proton pump inhibitor","volume":"36","author":"Jianu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2011.627444","article-title":"Gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma after long-term use of proton pump inhibitor","volume":"47","author":"Jianu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-315710","article-title":"Long-term proton pump inhibitor use is a risk factor of gastric cancer after treatment for Helicobacter pylori: a retrospective cohort analysis","volume":"67","author":"Niikura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316057","article-title":"Association between proton pump inhibitors use and risk of gastric cancer in patients with GERD","volume":"68","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14759","article-title":"Relationship between long-term use of proton pump inhibitors and risk of gastric cancer: A systematic analysis","volume":"34","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000199615","article-title":"Long-term omeprazole treatment in man: effects on gastric endocrine cell populations","volume":"39","author":"Lamberts","year":"1988","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.05.056","article-title":"Safety of proton pump inhibitors based on a large, multi-year, randomized trial of patients receiving rivaroxaban or aspirin","volume":"157","author":"Moayyedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12328-017-0714-7","article-title":"Adenocarcinoma arising in multiple hyperplastic polyps in a patient with Helicobacter pylori infection and hypergastrinemia during long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy","volume":"10","author":"Anjiki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017739","article-title":"Maintenance therapy with proton pump inhibitors and risk of gastric cancer: a nationwide population-based cohort study in Sweden","volume":"7","author":"Brusselaers","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17562848211051463","article-title":"Association between proton-pump inhibitors and the risk of gastric cancer: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Segna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther Adv Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/dmr-22-57","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitors and an increased risk of gastric cancer: how much more evidence is needed","volume":"5","author":"Brusselaers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Digest Med Res"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.07.039","article-title":"Safety and complications of long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy: getting closer to the truth","volume":"157","author":"Corley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/his.14220","article-title":"Gastric neuroendocrine tumours from long-term proton pump inhibitor users are indolent tumours with good prognosis","volume":"77","author":"Trinh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2022.2026462","article-title":"Hypergastrinemia and mortality in gastric adenocarcinoma: a population-based cohort study, the HUNT study","author":"Ness-Jensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9111680","article-title":"Gastric Microbiota beyond H. pylori: An Emerging Critical Character in Gastric Carcinogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Wen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2020.12.029","article-title":"Epstein-barr virus positive gastric cancer: A distinct subtype candidate for immunotherapy","volume":"261","author":"Pereira","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2022.154108","article-title":"Gastric cancer with Epstein-Barr virus heterogeneity: Evaluation of the frequency, clinicopathologic features, and genomic profiles","volume":"238","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathol Res Pract"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.801228","article-title":"Dietary salt intake and gastric cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-007-0420-0","article-title":"Diet and the risk of gastric cancer: review of epidemiological evidence","volume":"10","author":"Tsugane","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/cej.0000000000000290","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and gastric cancer in the Stomach Cancer Pooling (StoP) Project","volume":"27","author":"Praud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12546","article-title":"ECL-cell carcinoids and carcinoma in patients homozygous for an inactivating mutation in the gastric H(+) K(+) ATPase alpha subunit","volume":"124","author":"Fossmark","year":"2016","journal-title":"Apmis"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/32918","article-title":"E-cadherin germline mutations in familial gastric cancer","volume":"392","author":"Guilford","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2022.101800","article-title":"Familial and hereditary gastric cancer, an overview","author":"Carneiro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21114012","article-title":"Gastric cancer: epidemiology, risk factors, classification, genomic characteristics and treatment strategies","volume":"21","author":"Machlowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2000.02131.x","article-title":"Effect of age and Helicobacter pylori infection on gastric acid secretion","volume":"15","author":"Haruma","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.10782","article-title":"Value of GastroPanel in the diagnosis of atrophic gastritis","volume":"22","author":"Grad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.12652","article-title":"Endoscopic findings of Helicobacter pylori gastritis in children and young adults based on the Kyoto classification of gastritis and age-associated changes","volume":"5","author":"Hojo","year":"2021","journal-title":"JGH Open"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12113477","article-title":"Towards understanding of gastric cancer based upon physiological role of gastrin and ECL cells","volume":"12","author":"Waldum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2023.1176673\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T06:12:03Z","timestamp":1698214323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2023.1176673\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]},"references-count":159,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2023.1176673"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2023.1176673","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-943X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]},"article-number":"1176673"}}