{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T04:13:08Z","timestamp":1792815188234,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003042","name":"Else Kr\u00f6ner-Fresenius-Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018_Kolleg.05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018_Kolleg.05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003042","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mediastinal tumors, particularly non-neuroendocrine thymic epithelial tumors (TET) are relatively uncommon, posing challenges for extensive epidemiological studies. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of these tumors in the United States (US) and Germany (GER) from 1999 to 2019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients aged 0-19 (n=478) and \u226520 years (n=17,459) diagnosed with malignant tumors of the anterior mediastinum were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry (SEER) and the Zentrum f\u00fcr Krebsregisterdaten (ZfKD) databases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among patients aged \u226520 years, TETs accounted for the most prevalent anterior mediastinal tumors (US\/GER: 63%\/64%), followed by lymphomas (14%\/8%). For patients &amp;lt;20 years, predominant tumors included germ cell tumors (42%\/14%), lymphomas (38%\/53%), and TETs (10%\/27%). The overall annual incidence of thymoma was 2.2\/2.64 (US\/GER) per million inhabitants and for thymic carcinomas 0.48\/0.42. The male-to-female ratio was 1:1.09\/1.03, and the mean age 59.48 \u00b1 14.89\/61.33 \u00b1 13.94. Individuals with thymomas, but not thymic carcinomas, exhibited a 21%\/29% significantly heightened risk of developing secondary malignancies compared to controls with non-thymic primary tumors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides a comparative analysis of anterior mediastinal tumors, particularly TETs, in the US and GER over the past two decades. Furthermore, it highlights a significantly elevated incidence of secondary malignancies in thymoma patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1308989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T13:36:51Z","timestamp":1704807411000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Epidemiology of thymomas and thymic carcinomas in the United States and Germany, 1999-2019"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tiemo Sven","family":"Gerber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Strobl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Marx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilfried","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Porubsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2019.12.108","article-title":"Distribution of mediastinal lesions across multi-institutional, international, radiology databases","volume":"15","author":"Roden","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.10.010","article-title":"The 2021 WHO classification of tumors of the thymus and mediastinum: what is new in thymic epithelial, germ cell, and mesenchymal tumors","volume":"17","author":"Marx","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2015.06.121","article-title":"Thymoma and thymic carcinoma in children and adolescents: a report from the European Cooperative Study Group for Pediatric Rare Tumors (EXPeRT)","volume":"51","author":"Stachowicz-Stencel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-021-03068-8","article-title":"Molecular pathology of thymomas: implications for diagnosis and therapy","volume":"478","author":"Marx","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2018.01.003","article-title":"The integrated genomic landscape of thymic epithelial tumors","volume":"33","author":"Radovich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(78)80131-2","article-title":"Thymic hyperplasia and neoplasia: a review of current concepts","volume":"9","author":"Levine","year":"1978","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"B7","volume-title":"Thoracic tumours: WHO classification of tumours","author":"Board","year":"2021"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2021.06.002","article-title":"Thymoma: Histologically a heterogenous group of tumors","volume":"39","author":"Oramas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin Diagn Pathol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e3181f1f62d","article-title":"Epidemiology of thymoma and associated Malignancies","volume":"5","author":"Engels","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0000000000000654","article-title":"The 2015 world health organization classification of tumors of the thymus: continuity and changes","volume":"10","author":"Marx","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Thorac Oncol"},{"key":"B11","article-title":"Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program (www.seer.cancer.gov) SEER*Stat Database: Incidence - 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