{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T00:20:44Z","timestamp":1793060444392,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Early-life osteosarcoma is associated with severe morbidity and mortality, particularly affecting young children and adults. The present cancer treatment regimen is exceedingly costly, and medications like ifosfamide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin have unneeded negative effects on the body. With the introduction of hyphenated technology to create medications based on plant molecules, the application of ayurvedic medicine as a new dimension (formulation, active ingredients, and nanoparticles) in the modern period is rapidly growing. The primary source of lead compounds for the development of medications for avariety of ailments is plants and their products. Traditionally, <jats:italic>Cuminum cyminum<\/jats:italic> (cumin) has been used as medication to treat a variety of illnesses and conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The cumin seed was successfully extracted with solvents Hexane, Chloroform, Methanol, Ethanol and Acetone. Following the solvent extraction, the extract residue was assayed in MG63 cells for their anti-proliferative properties. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>First, we used the [3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide] (MTT) assay to test the extracted residue\u2019s cytotoxicity. The results show that hexane extract Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 86 \u00b5G\/mL) effciently inhibits cells by causing programmed cell death. Furthermore, using the Acridine orange\/ethidium bromide (AO\/EB) staining method, the lactate dehydrogenase assay, and the reactive oxygen species assay using the Dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCHFDA) staining method, we have demonstrated that the hexane extract causes apoptosis in MG63 cells. Furthermore, flow cytometry research revealed that the hexane extract stops the cell cycle in the S phase. In addition, the hexane extract limits colony formation and the migration potential as shown by the scratch wound healing assay. Furthermore, the extract from cumin seeds exhibits remarkable bactericidal properties against infections that are resistant to drugs. Gas chromatography analysis was used to quantitatively determine the hexane and methanolic extract based on the experimental data. The primary chemical components of the extract are revealed by the study, and these help the malignant cells heal. The present study finds that there is scientific validity in using cumin seeds as a novel method of anticancer therapy after undergoing both intrinsic and extrinsic research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1322875","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T08:16:59Z","timestamp":1701850619000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Assessment of anticancer properties of cumin seed (Cuminum cyminum) against bone cancer"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rajkuberan","family":"Chandrasekaran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muthukumar","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonu","family":"Chacko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omkar","family":"Gawade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheik","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelin","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nemat","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah F.","family":"AlAsmari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandip","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoli","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29344","article-title":"Prospects for the involvement of cancer stem cells in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma","volume":"235","author":"Izadpanah","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JAA.0000541477.24116.8d","article-title":"Understanding osteosarcomas","volume":"31","author":"Simpson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jaapa"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5958\/2319-5886.2015.00106.X","article-title":"Demographic profile of pediatric osteosarcoma in south India: a single institution experience","volume":"4","author":"Komaranchath","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Med Res Health Sci"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-020-1576-0","article-title":"The efficacy and safety comparison of first-line chemotherapeutic agents (high-dose methotrexate, doxorubicin, cisplatin, and ifosfamide) for osteosarcoma: a network meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Orthopaedic Surg Res"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2006.05.005","article-title":"Primary bone osteosarcoma in the pediatric age: state of the art","volume":"32","author":"Longhi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.07.036","article-title":"Changing scenario for promotion and development of Ayurveda\u2013way forward","volume":"143","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J ethnopharmacology"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-020-00081-3","article-title":"Biogenic nanoparticles: A comprehensive perspective in synthesis, characterization, application and its challenges","volume":"18","author":"Patil","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Genet Eng Biotechnol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.05.011","article-title":"Plants as a source of anticancer agents","volume":"100","author":"Cragg","year":"2005","journal-title":"J ethnopharmacology"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21101374","article-title":"An overview of plant phenolic compounds and their importance in human nutrition and management of type 2 diabetes","volume":"21","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B10","first-page":"13","article-title":"Recent trends in Indian traditional herbs Syzygiumaromaticum and its health benefits","volume":"1","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pharmacognosy Phytochem"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5829\/idosi.aejaes.2015.15.7.9528","article-title":"Turmeric: A promising spice for phytochemical and antimicrobial activities","volume":"15","author":"Nisar","year":"2015","journal-title":"AmEur J Agric Environ Sci"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.15936","article-title":"Role of phenolic acid, tannins, stilbenes, lignans and flavonoids in human health\u2013a review","volume":"57","author":"Oluwole","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci Tech"},{"key":"B13","first-page":"29","article-title":"Medicinal properties of some Indian spices","volume":"1","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201400305","article-title":"Cumin (Cuminumcyminum L.) from traditional uses to potential biomedical applications","volume":"12","author":"Mnif","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem biodiversity"},{"key":"B15","first-page":"46","article-title":"The pharmacological activities of Cuminumcyminum-A review","volume":"6","author":"Al-Snafi","year":"2016","journal-title":"IOSR J Pharm"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-nbt.2017.0209","article-title":"One pot green fabrication of metallic silver nanoscale materials using Crescentia cujete L","volume":"12","author":"Prabukumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Assess their bactericidal activity. IET nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jcim-2019-0345","article-title":"Screening chemical inhibitors for alpha-amylase from leaves extracts of Murraya koenigii (Linn.) and Aegle marmelos L","volume":"18","author":"Sangilimuthu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Complementary Integr Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1995-7645(10)60064-8","article-title":"Antibacterial activities of some plant extracts alone and in combination with different antimicrobials against multidrug\u2013resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains","volume":"3","author":"Adwan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asian Pacific J Trop Med"},{"key":"B19","first-page":"593","article-title":"Genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of whole plant extracts of Kalanchoelaciniata by Ames and MTT assay","volume":"16","author":"Sharif","year":"2017","journal-title":"EXCLI J"},{"key":"B20","article-title":"In vitro antimicrobial and anticancer activity of Cinnamomumzeylanicum Linn bark extracts","volume":"6","author":"Varalakshmi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Pharm PharmSci"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10616-016-9998-6","article-title":"LDH, proliferation curves and cell cycle analysis are the most suitable assays to identify and characterize new phytotherapeutic compounds","volume":"68","author":"Specian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytotechnology"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4727415","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4727415","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of topically applied antioxidant medicinal plant extracts in a mouse model of experimental dry eye","volume":"2016","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longevity"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3677","article-title":"Effects of maple (Acer) plant part extracts on proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of human tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic colon cells","volume":"26","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Sarr\u00edas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytotherapy Res"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jab.2016.10.005","article-title":"Assessment of antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-osteosarcoma potential of four traditionally used Indian medicinal plants","volume":"15","author":"Nayak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Appl Biomedicine"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061508","article-title":"Tomentosin displays anticarcinogenic effect in human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells via the induction of intracellular reactive oxygen species","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2017.02.008","article-title":"Intrinsic studies of Euphorbia antiquorum L. latex extracts against human bacterial pathogens and mosquito vector AedesaEgypti, Culexquinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"10","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biocatalysis Agric Biotechnol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70318-9","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance\u2014the need for global solutions","volume":"13","author":"Laxminarayan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2012.02257.x","article-title":"Management of difficult multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: update 2012","volume":"18","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202051034","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and persistence\u2014Implications for human health and treatment perspectives","volume":"21","author":"Huemer","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2333","article-title":"How antibiotics kill bacteria: from targets to networks","volume":"8","author":"Kohanski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.667833","article-title":"Cuminumcyminum L. essential oil: A promising antibacterial and antivirulence agent against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"12","author":"Sharifi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2006.06.035","article-title":"Chemical and biological characteristics of Cuminumcyminum and Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils","volume":"102","author":"Gachkar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40685","article-title":"Mitochondrial and chromosomal damage induced by oxidative stress in Zn2+ ions, ZnO-bulk and ZnO-NPs treated Allium cepa roots","volume":"7","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.13189\/ujar.2014.020104","article-title":"Cytotoxic activity of ethanolic extract of Cuminumcyminum Linn against seven human cancer cell line","volume":"2","author":"Prakash","year":"2014","journal-title":"Universal J Agric Res"},{"key":"B35","article-title":"Antitumor and antibacterial activities of [1-(2-Ethyl, 6-Heptyl) Phenol] from Cuminumcyminum seeds","volume":"5","author":"Mekawey","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Appl Sci Res"},{"key":"B36","article-title":"Chinese herbal medicines as adjuvant treatment during chemoor radio-therapy for cancer","volume":"4","author":"Qi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioscience Trends"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0320(19970101)27:1<1::AID-CYTO2>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Cytometry in cell necrobiology: analysis of apoptosis and accidental cell death (necrosis)","volume":"27","author":"Darzynkiewicz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cytometry: J Int Soc Analytical Cytology"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.12659\/MSMBR.893327","article-title":"Dual AO\/EB staining to detect apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells compared with flow cytometry","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Sci monitor basic Res"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/MB:19:3:305","article-title":"Standard quantitative assays for apoptosis","volume":"19","author":"Squier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Biotechnol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2005.07.001","article-title":"In vitro cytotoxicity assays: comparison of LDH, neutral red, MTT and protein assay in hepatoma cell lines following exposure to cadmium chloride","volume":"160","author":"Fotakis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22643","article-title":"Understanding the complicated relationship between antioxidants and carcinogenesis","volume":"35","author":"Majumder","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Biochem Mol Toxicol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2016.10.005","article-title":"Cytotoxic effects of two extracts from garlic (Allium sativum L.) cultivars on the human squamous carcinoma cell line SCC-15","volume":"25","author":"Szychowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B43","article-title":"Flow cytometry in analysis of cell cycle and apoptosis","volume-title":"Seminars in hematology","author":"Darzynkiewicz","year":"2001"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.32607\/20758251-2015-7-2-17-28","article-title":"Cancer invasion: patterns and mechanisms","volume":"7","author":"Krakhmal","year":"2015","journal-title":"ActaNaturae"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40199-014-0078-1","article-title":"Presence of phthalate derivatives in the essential oils of a medicinal plant Achillea tenuifolia","volume":"22","author":"Manayi","year":"2014","journal-title":"DARU J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26655\/JMCHEMSCI.2023.4.8","article-title":"Isolation and structure elucidation of methylphenyLindole alkaloid from crucianella sintenisii growing in Iran","volume":"6","author":"Nasrabadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02238331","article-title":"production of essential oil from cumin seeds","volume":"36","author":"Beis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chem Natural compounds"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2011.576356","article-title":"Characterization of aroma active compounds of cumin (Cuminumcyminum L.) by GC-MS, e-Nose, and sensory techniques","volume":"16","author":"Ravi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Food Properties"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-013-1830-4","article-title":"Beneficial effects of Chrysin against Methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity via attenuation of oxidative stress and apoptosis","volume":"385","author":"Ali","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10121998","article-title":"Diosmin alleviates doxorubicin-induced liver injury via modulation of oxidative stress-mediated hepatic inflammation and apoptosis via NfkB and MAPK pathway: A preclinical study","volume":"10","author":"AlAsmari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.04.030","article-title":"Protective effect of diosmin against doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity","volume":"28","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40009-021-01066-7","article-title":"GC\/MS analysis of essential oil composition from selected seed spices","volume":"44","author":"Ashokkumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Natl Acad Sci Lett"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2007.06.021","article-title":"Supercritical fluid extraction in plant essential and volatile oil analysis","volume":"1163","author":"Pourmortazavi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Chromatogr A"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2023.1322875\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T08:17:07Z","timestamp":1701850627000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2023.1322875\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2023.1322875"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2023.1322875","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-943X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]]},"article-number":"1322875"}}