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Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Radiotherapy (RT) and immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) are important treatments for esophageal cancer. Some studies have confirmed the safety and effectiveness of using RT in combination with ICI, while serious side effects have been exhibited by some patients. We report a patient with metastatic esophageal cancer who received RT combined with ICI. The patient experienced severe thrombocytopenia, and treatment with thrombopoietin and corticosteroids were ineffective. Finally, the patient developed abscopal hyperprogression outside the radiation field. Interestingly, next-generation sequencing revealed increased JAK2 gene copies in the surgical slices. The JAK2\/STAT3 pathway is involved in the regulation of megakaryocyte development. Recurrent thrombocytopenia may activate the JAK2\/STAT3 pathway, leading to megakaryocyte differentiation and platelet biogenesis. However, persistent activation of the JAK2\/STAT3 pathway has been associated with immune ICI resistance and tumor progression. This case indicates that thrombocytopenia and increased JAK2 gene copies may be risk factors for poor prognosis after ICI and RT treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1283428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T04:37:00Z","timestamp":1718944620000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Thrombocytopenia and hyperprogression after radiotherapy and camrelizumab treatment in an esophageal cancer patient with increased JAK2 gene copies: a case report"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianmin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.01888","article-title":"Randomized phase III KEYNOTE-181 study of pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy in advanced esophageal cancer","volume":"38","author":"Kojima","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470\u20132045(19)30626\u20136","article-title":"Nivolumab versus chemotherapy in patients with advanced oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma refractory or intolerant to previous chemotherapy (ATTRACTION-3): a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial","volume":"20","author":"Kato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470\u20132045(20)30110\u20138","article-title":"Camrelizumab versus investigator's choice of chemotherapy as second-line therapy for advanced or metastatic oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCORT): a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 study","volume":"21","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572\u2013020-0160\u20136","article-title":"Immune-related adverse events of checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"6","author":"Ramos-Casals","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0284186X.2021.1902564","article-title":"Clinical practice and outcome of radiotherapy for advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma between 2002 and 2018 in China: the multi-center 3JECROG Survey","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Oncol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2016.211","article-title":"Radiotherapy and immunotherapy: a beneficial liaison? 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