{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T02:26:32Z","timestamp":1793499992191,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Malignant cells are known to evade immune surveillance by engaging immune checkpoints which are negative regulators of the immune system. By restoring the T-lymphocyte mediated anti-tumor effect, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have revolutionized the treatment of solid tumors but have met rather modest success in hematological malignancies. Currently, the only FDA approved indications for ICI therapy are in classic hodgkin lymphoma and primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma. Multiple clinical trials have assessed ICI therapy alone and in combination with standard of care treatments in other lymphomas, plasma cell neoplasms and myeloid neoplasms but were noted to have limited efficacy. These trials mostly focused on PD-1\/PDL-1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors. Recently, there has been an effort to target other T-lymphocyte checkpoints like LAG-3, TIM-3, TIGIT along with improving strategies of PD-1\/PDL-1 and CTLA-4 inhibition. Drugs targeting the macrophage checkpoint, CD47, are also being tested. Long term safety and efficacy data from these ongoing studies are eagerly awaited. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the mechanism of immune checkpoint inhibitors, the key takeaways from the reported results of completed and ongoing studies of these therapies in the context of hematological malignancies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1323914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T04:44:26Z","timestamp":1705985066000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Immune checkpoint blockade in hematological malignancies: current state and future potential"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Prateek","family":"Pophali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Varela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacalyn","family":"Rosenblatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197905103001902","article-title":"Antileukemic effect of graft-versus-host disease in human recipients of allogeneic-marrow grafts","volume":"300","author":"Weiden","year":"1979","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-018-0001-y","article-title":"The full spectrum of human naive T cells","volume":"18","author":"van den Broek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(90)90085-N","article-title":"Role of the CD28 receptor in T-cell activation","volume":"11","author":"June","year":"1990","journal-title":"Immunol Today"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01561573","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies identifying a novel T-Cell antigen and Ia antigens of human lymphocytes","volume":"10","author":"Hansen","year":"1980","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.182.2.459","article-title":"CD28 and CTLA-4 have opposing effects on the response of T cells to stimulation","volume":"182","author":"Krummel","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.174.3.561","article-title":"CTLA-4 is a second receptor for the B cell activation antigen B7","volume":"174","author":"Linsley","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.3.1270","article-title":"Regulation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated molecule-4 by Src kinases","volume":"162","author":"Chuang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5256.1734","article-title":"Enhancement of antitumor immunity by CTLA-4 blockade","volume":"271","author":"Leach","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1003466","article-title":"Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma","volume":"363","author":"Hodi","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05481.x","article-title":"Induced expression of PD-1, a novel member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily, upon programmed cell death","volume":"11","author":"Ishida","year":"1992","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.7.1027","article-title":"Engagement of the PD-1 immunoinhibitory receptor by a novel B7 family member leads to negative regulation of lymphocyte activation","volume":"192","author":"Freeman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf1292","article-title":"T cell costimulatory receptor CD28 is a primary target for PD-1-mediated inhibition","volume":"355","author":"Hui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04444","article-title":"Restoring function in exhausted CD8 T cells during chronic viral infection","volume":"439","author":"Barber","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.171.5.1393","article-title":"LAG-3, a novel lymphocyte activation gene closely related to CD4","volume":"171","author":"Triebel","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0217-9","article-title":"LAG-3 inhibits the activation of CD4(+) T cells that recognize stable pMHCII through its conformation-dependent recognition of pMHCII","volume":"19","author":"Maruhashi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.11.010","article-title":"Fibrinogen-like protein 1 is a major immune inhibitory ligand of LAG-3","volume":"176","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.03.013","article-title":"Binding of LAG-3 to stable peptide-MHC class II limits T cell function and suppresses autoimmunity and anti-cancer immunity","volume":"55","author":"Maruhashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13848","article-title":"CEACAM1 regulates TIM-3-mediated tolerance and exhaustion","volume":"517","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14737140.2021.1865814","article-title":"TIM-3 pathway dysregulation and targeting in cancer","volume":"21","author":"Zeidan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anticancer Ther"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20100643","article-title":"Targeting Tim-3 and PD-1 pathways to reverse T cell exhaustion and restore anti-tumor immunity","volume":"207","author":"Sakuishi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10501","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10501","article-title":"Adaptive resistance to therapeutic PD-1 blockade is associated with upregulation of alternative immune checkpoints","volume":"7","author":"Koyama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1674","article-title":"The surface protein TIGIT suppresses T cell activation by promoting the generation of mature immunoregulatory dendritic cells","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201041136","article-title":"Vstm3 is a member of the CD28 family and an important modulator of T-cell function","volume":"41","author":"Levin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1091782","article-title":"TIGIT: A promising target to overcome the barrier of immunotherapy in hematological Malignancies","volume":"12","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-023-01499-1","article-title":"Targeting LAG-3, TIM-3, and TIGIT for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2200436","article-title":"Expression of Inhibitory Receptors TIGIT, TIM-3, and LAG-3 on CD4+ T cells from patients with different clinical forms of chronic chagas disease","volume":"210","author":"Ferragut","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-022-00620-6","article-title":"Clinical relevance of tumour-associated macrophages","volume":"19","author":"Pittet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-12-567776","article-title":"Macrophages and iron trafficking at the birth and death of red cells","volume":"125","author":"Korolnek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.05.046","article-title":"CD47 is upregulated on circulating hematopoietic stem cells and leukemia cells to avoid phagocytosis","volume":"138","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3931","article-title":"CD47 blockade triggers T cell-mediated destruction of immunogenic tumors","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3965","article-title":"CD47 blockade as another immune checkpoint therapy for cancer","volume":"21","author":"Vonderheide","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-13-0855","article-title":"PD-L1 expression is characteristic of a subset of aggressive B-cell lymphomas and virus-associated Malignancies","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2206125","article-title":"Overall survival with brentuximab vedotin in stage III or IV hodgkin's lymphoma","volume":"387","author":"Ansell","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.76.0793","article-title":"Nivolumab for relapsed\/refractory classic hodgkin lymphoma after failure of autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation: extended follow-up of the multicohort single-arm phase II checkMate 205 trial","volume":"36","author":"Armand","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022019386","article-title":"Five-year follow-up of KEYNOTE-087: pembrolizumab monotherapy in relapsed\/refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"142","author":"Armand","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(21)00005-X","article-title":"Pembrolizumab versus brentuximab vedotin in relapsed or refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma (KEYNOTE-204): an interim analysis of a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 study","volume":"22","author":"Kuruvilla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.01056","article-title":"Phase II trial of pembrolizumab plus gemcitabine, vinorelbine, and liposomal doxorubicin as second-line therapy for relapsed or refractory classical hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"39","author":"Moskowitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2022-167626","article-title":"Nivolumab plus ICE as first salvage therapy in high-risk relapsed\/refractory hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"140","author":"Mei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019000215","article-title":"PD-1 blockade with pembrolizumab for classical Hodgkin lymphoma after autologous stem cell transplantation","volume":"134","author":"Armand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2021-148139","article-title":"A Phase II Single Arm Study of Nivolumab As Maintenance Therapy after Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in Patients with Hodgkin Lymphoma at Risk of Relapse or Progression","volume":"138","author":"Bachier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2021004511","article-title":"Avelumab in relapsed\/refractory classical Hodgkin lymphoma: phase 1b results from the JAVELIN Hodgkins trial","volume":"5","author":"Herrera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020009178","article-title":"Brentuximab vedotin in combination with nivolumab in relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma: 3-year study results","volume":"138","author":"Advani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2023.41.17_suppl.LBA4","article-title":"SWOG S1826, a randomized study of nivolumab(N)-AVD versus brentuximab vedotin(BV)-AVD in advanced stage (AS) classic Hodgkin lymphoma (HL)","volume":"41","author":"Herrera","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(20)30221-0","article-title":"Ipilimumab, nivolumab, and brentuximab vedotin combination therapies in patients with relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma: phase 1 results of an open-label, multicentre, phase 1\/2 trial","volume":"7","author":"Diefenbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2022-166846","article-title":"Updated results from an open-label phase 1\/2 study of favezelimab (anti-LAG-3) plus pembrolizumab in relapsed or refractory classical hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"140","author":"Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-08-3376","article-title":"Intratumoral CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cell-mediated suppression of infiltrating CD4+ T cells in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"107","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-09-1339","article-title":"Phase I study of ipilimumab, an anti\u2013CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody, in patients with relapsed and refractory B-cell non\u2013hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"15","author":"Ansell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-0438","article-title":"A phase I study of the combination of rituximab and ipilimumab in patients with relapsed\/refractory B-cell lymphoma","volume":"25","author":"Tuscano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-0939-1","article-title":"A phase 1b study of dual PD-1 and CTLA-4 or KIR blockade in patients with relapsed\/refractory lymphoid Malignancies","volume":"35","author":"Armand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-10-879015","article-title":"PD-L1 gene alterations identify a subset of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma harboring a T-cell-inflamed phenotype","volume":"133","author":"Godfrey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-02-629600","article-title":"Expression of programmed cell death ligand 1 is associated with poor overall survival in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"126","author":"Kiyasu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.18.00766","article-title":"Nivolumab for relapsed\/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in patients ineligible for or having failed autologous transplantation: A single-arm, phase II study","volume":"37","author":"Ansell","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019004753","article-title":"Efficacy and safety results from CheckMate 140, a phase 2 study of nivolumab for relapsed\/refractory follicular lymphoma","volume":"137","author":"Armand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2021006240","article-title":"Safety and activity of pembrolizumab in combination with rituximab in relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma","volume":"6","author":"Nastoupil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-021-00539-8","article-title":"Obinutuzumab-atezolizumab-lenalidomide for the treatment of patients with relapsed\/refractory follicular lymphoma: final analysis of a Phase Ib\/II trial","volume":"11","author":"Morschhauser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25659","article-title":"Safety and activity of ibrutinib in combination with durvalumab in patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma or diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"95","author":"Herrera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-021-03241-4","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of durvalumab with R-CHOP or R2-CHOP in untreated, high-risk DLBCL: a phase 2, open-label trial","volume":"115","author":"Nowakowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Hematol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-02-765685","article-title":"Pembrolizumab in patients with CLL and Richter transformation or with relapsed CLL","volume":"129","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2021005872","article-title":"Pembrolizumab plus dinaciclib in patients with hematologic Malignancies: the phase 1b KEYNOTE-155 study","volume":"6","author":"Gregory","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019000784","article-title":"PD-1 blockade for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma after autologous stem cell transplantation","volume":"4","author":"Frigault","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021012634","article-title":"Pembrolizumab for B-cell lymphomas relapsing after or refractory to CD19-directed CAR T-cell therapy","volume":"139","author":"Chong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-12-758383","article-title":"Safety and tolerability of pembrolizumab in patients with relapsed\/refractory primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"130","author":"Zinzani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022019340","article-title":"Pembrolizumab in relapsed or refractory primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma: final analysis of KEYNOTE-170","volume":"142","author":"Zinzani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.01492","article-title":"Nivolumab combined with brentuximab vedotin for relapsed\/refractory primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma: efficacy and safety from the phase II checkMate 436 study","volume":"37","author":"Zinzani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-020-00947-6","article-title":"Targeting immune checkpoints in hematological Malignancies","volume":"13","author":"Salik","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1079924","article-title":"Resistance mechanisms of immune checkpoint inhibition in lymphoma: Focusing on the tumor microenvironment","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI59806","article-title":"IL-12 upregulates TIM-3 expression and induces T cell exhaustion in patients with follicular B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"122","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-006582","article-title":"TIGIT is a key inhibitory checkpoint receptor in lymphoma","volume":"11","author":"James","year":"2023","journal-title":"J ImmunoTher Cancer"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-02-338020","article-title":"Extranodal dissemination of non-Hodgkin lymphoma requires CD47 and is inhibited by anti-CD47 antibody therapy","volume":"118","author":"Chao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.07.044","article-title":"Anti-CD47 antibody synergizes with rituximab to promote phagocytosis and eradicate non-Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"142","author":"Chao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021013901","article-title":"Targeting macrophages for enhancing CD47 blockade\u2013elicited lymphoma clearance and overcoming tumor-induced immunosuppression","volume":"139","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1807315","article-title":"CD47 blockade by hu5F9-G4 and rituximab in non-hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma","volume":"379","author":"Advani","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-3706","article-title":"Phase I study of the CD47 blocker TTI-621 in patients with relapsed or refractory hematologic Malignancies","volume":"27","author":"Ansell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2020.38.15_suppl.3030","article-title":"Ongoing, first-in-human, phase I dose escalation study of the investigational CD47-blocker TTI-622 in patients with advanced relapsed or refractory lymphoma","volume":"38","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-004984","article-title":"Nivolumab in patients with relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma: modest activity and cases of hyperprogression","volume":"10","author":"Bennani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.01056","article-title":"Pembrolizumab in relapsed and refractory mycosis fungoides and s\u00e9zary syndrome: A multicenter phase II study","volume":"38","author":"Khodadoust","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020007247","article-title":"Avelumab for the treatment of relapsed or refractory extranodal NK\/T-cell lymphoma: an open-label phase 2 study","volume":"136","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(21)00271-4","article-title":"Intralesional TTI-621, a novel biologic targeting the innate immune checkpoint CD47, in patients with relapsed or refractory mycosis fungoides or S\u00e9zary syndrome: a multicentre, phase 1 study","volume":"8","author":"Querfeld","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-10-051482","article-title":"Plasma cells from multiple myeloma patients express B7-H1 (PD-L1) and increase expression after stimulation with IFN-{gamma} and TLR ligands via a MyD88-, TRAF6-, and MEK-dependent pathway","volume":"110","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V118.21.1829.1829","article-title":"Overexpression of CTLA-4 in the bone marrow of patients with multiple myeloma as a sign of local accumulation of immunosuppressive tregs \u2013 perspectives for novel treatment strategies","volume":"118","author":"Braga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-03-632919","article-title":"Prospective analysis of antigen-specific immunity, stem-cell antigens, and immune checkpoints in monoclonal gammopathy","volume":"126","author":"Dhodapkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019000300","article-title":"A pilot study of pembrolizumab in smoldering myeloma: report of the clinical, immune, and genomic analysis","volume":"3","author":"Manasanch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15888","article-title":"Phase 1b trial of pembrolizumab monotherapy for relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma: KEYNOTE-013","volume":"186","author":"Ribrag","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.65.9789","article-title":"Nivolumab in patients with relapsed or refractory hematologic Malignancy: preliminary results of a phase ib study","volume":"34","author":"Lesokhin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V128.22.183.183","article-title":"A phase 1 study of nivolumab in combination with ipilimumab for relapsed or refractory hematologic Malignancies (CheckMate 039)","volume":"128","author":"Ansell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-0200","article-title":"Lenalidomide enhances immune checkpoint blockade-induced immune response in multiple myeloma","volume":"21","author":"G\u00f6rg\u00fcn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-02-271874","article-title":"The PD-1\/PD-L1 axis modulates the natural killer cell versus multiple myeloma effect: a therapeutic target for CT-011, a novel monoclonal anti-PD-1 antibody","volume":"116","author":"Benson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15946","article-title":"Pembrolizumab combined with lenalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: phase I KEYNOTE-023 study","volume":"186","author":"Mateos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-03-775122","article-title":"Pembrolizumab, pomalidomide, and low-dose dexamethasone for relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma","volume":"130","author":"Badros","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(19)30110-3","article-title":"Pembrolizumab plus pomalidomide and dexamethasone for patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (KEYNOTE-183): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial","volume":"6","author":"Mateos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(19)30109-7","article-title":"Pembrolizumab plus lenalidomide and dexamethasone for patients with treatment-naive multiple myeloma (KEYNOTE-185): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial","volume":"6","author":"Usmani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-19-0148","article-title":"Lessons learned from checkpoint blockade targeting PD-1 in multiple myeloma","volume":"7","author":"Lesokhin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-99-114960","article-title":"Atezolizumab in combination with daratumumab with or without lenalidomide or pomalidomide: A phase ib study in patients with multiple myeloma","volume":"132","author":"Cho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-124339","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of nivolumab combined with daratumumab with or without low-dose cyclophosphamide in relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma; interim analysis of the phase 2 nivo-dara study","volume":"134","author":"Verkleij","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CJI.0b013e31821ca6ce","article-title":"PD-1 blockade by CT-011, anti-PD-1 antibody, enhances ex vivo T-cell responses to autologous dendritic cell\/myeloma fusion vaccine","volume":"34","author":"Rosenblatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Immunother"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-15-0055","article-title":"T-cell exhaustion in multiple myeloma relapse after autotransplant: optimal timing of immunotherapy","volume":"4","author":"Chung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Res"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-023-03579-x","article-title":"Immune dysregulation in multiple myeloma: the current and future role of cell-based immunotherapy","volume":"117","author":"Russell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Hematol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-022-00923-5","article-title":"PD-1 and LAG-3-positive T cells are associated with clinical outcomes of relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma patients","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2022-160432","article-title":"The involvement of LAG3+ Plasma cells in the development of multiple myeloma","volume":"140","author":"Kreiniz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-021-01301-6","article-title":"Targeting LAG3\/GAL-3 to overcome immunosuppression and enhance anti-tumor immune responses in multiple myeloma","volume":"36","author":"Bae","year":"2022","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2023-CT262","article-title":"Abstract CT262: Durable responses following anti-TIGIT (BMS-986207) and anti-LAG3 (BMS-980616) in combination with pomalidomide in relapsed myeloma: MMRF MyCheckpoint trial","volume":"83","author":"Cho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2022-167131","article-title":"High TIM-3 expression may contribute to the functional impairment of bone marrow and circulating gamma delta T lymphocytes during the progression of multiple myeloma","volume":"140","author":"Corsale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.739976","article-title":"Tim-3 blockade elicits potent anti-multiple myeloma immunity of natural killer cells","volume":"12","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12020305","article-title":"Targeting CD47 as a novel immunotherapy for multiple myeloma","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2022-164755","article-title":"Exploration of the therapeutic effects of CD47 and CD38 antibody combination in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (rrMM) and the correlation with CD47 and CD38 expression","volume":"140","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11142249","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibition in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes","volume":"11","author":"Abaza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-07-168468","article-title":"CTLA4 blockade with ipilimumab to treat relapse of Malignancy after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation","volume":"113","author":"Bashey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1601202","article-title":"Ipilimumab for patients with relapse after allogeneic transplantation","volume":"375","author":"Davids","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI129204","article-title":"Immune escape and immunotherapy of acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"130","author":"Vago","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-3763","article-title":"A multi-center phase I trial of ipilimumab in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes following hypomethylating agent failure","volume":"24","author":"Zeidan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022017686","article-title":"Ipilimumab plus decitabine for patients with MDS or AML in posttransplant or transplant-na\u00efve settings","volume":"141","author":"Garcia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2022018246","article-title":"Mechanisms of response and resistance to combined decitabine and ipilimumab for advanced myeloid disease","volume":"141","author":"Penter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-127345","article-title":"Multi-center phase 2 study of pembroluzimab (Pembro) and azacitidine (AZA) in patients with relapsed\/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and in newly diagnosed (\u226565 years) AML patients","volume":"134","author":"Gojo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-003392","article-title":"Pembrolizumab and decitabine for refractory or relapsed acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"10","author":"Goswami","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2643-3230.BCD-21-0070","article-title":"Phase II trial of pembrolizumab after high-dose cytarabine in relapsed\/refractory acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"2","author":"Zeidner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2022.2034155","article-title":"Pembrolizumab for myelodysplastic syndromes after failure of hypomethylating agents in the phase 1b KEYNOTE-013 study","volume":"63","author":"Garcia-Manero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.17689","article-title":"Phase II study of azacitidine with pembrolizumab in patients with intermediate-1 or higher-risk myelodysplastic syndrome","volume":"195","author":"Chien","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-18-0774","article-title":"Efficacy, safety, and biomarkers of response to azacitidine and nivolumab in relapsed\/refractory acute myeloid leukemia: A nonrandomized, open-label, phase II study","volume":"9","author":"Daver","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-131494","article-title":"Azacitidine (AZA) with nivolumab (Nivo), and AZA with nivo + Ipilimumab (Ipi) in relapsed\/refractory acute myeloid leukemia: A non-randomized, prospective, phase 2 study","volume":"134","author":"Daver","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(19)30114-0","article-title":"Idarubicin, cytarabine, and nivolumab in patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukaemia or high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome: a single-arm, phase 2 study","volume":"6","author":"Ravandi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-022-00263-4","article-title":"Targeting PD-1\/PD-L1 pathway in myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.882531","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors in acute myeloid leukemia: A meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"G\u00f3mez-Llobell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1100551108","article-title":"Prospective separation of normal and leukemic stem cells based on differential expression of TIM3, a human acute myeloid leukemia stem cell marker","volume":"108","author":"Jan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12520","article-title":"Tim-3 and its role in regulating anti-tumor immunity","volume":"276","author":"Das","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B125","article-title":"Tim-3 is highly expressed in T cells in acute myeloid leukemia and associated with clinicopathological prognostic stratification","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2021-146039","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of sabatolimab (MBG453) in combination with hypomethylating agents (HMAs) in patients (Pts) with very high\/high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (vHR\/HR-MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML): final analysis from a phase ib study","volume":"138","author":"Brunner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S350","DOI":"10.1016\/S2152-2650(21)01811-5","article-title":"MDS-420: sabatolimab plus hypomethylating agents (HMAs) in patients with high-\/very high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (HR\/vHR-MDS) and newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (ND-AML): subgroup analysis of a phase 1 study","volume":"21","author":"Garcia-Manero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leukemia"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.05.045","article-title":"CD47 is an adverse prognostic factor and therapeutic antibody target on human acute myeloid leukemia stem cells","volume":"138","author":"Majeti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137345","article-title":"Pre-clinical development of a humanized anti-CD47 antibody with anti-cancer therapeutic potential","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.18.02018","article-title":"First-in-human, first-in-class phase I trial of the anti-CD47 antibody hu5F9-G4 in patients with advanced cancers","volume":"37","author":"Sikic","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-126271","article-title":"The first-in-class anti-CD47 antibody magrolimab (5F9) in combination with azacitidine is effective in MDS and AML patients: ongoing phase 1b results","volume":"134","author":"Sallman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S290","DOI":"10.1016\/S2152-2650(21)01694-3","article-title":"AML-196: the first-in-class anti-CD47 antibody magrolimab in combination with azacitidine is well tolerated and effective in AML patients: phase 1b results","volume":"21","author":"Sallman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leukemia"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-123219","article-title":"A phase 1 study of ALX148, a CD47 blocker, in combination with rituximab in patients with non-hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"134","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2017-0004","article-title":"FDA approval summary: nivolumab for the treatment of relapsed or progressive classical hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"22","author":"Kasamon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.13186","article-title":"Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in r\/r Hodgkin lymphoma after treatment with checkpoint inhibitors: Feasibility and safety","volume":"102","author":"Dada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Haematol"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2018.08.028","article-title":"Significant Risk of Graft-versus-Host Disease with Exposure to Checkpoint Inhibitors before and after Allogeneic Transplantation","volume":"25","author":"Ijaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2018019208","article-title":"Immune checkpoint inhibitors as a bridge to allogeneic transplantation with posttransplant cyclophosphamide","volume":"2","author":"Schoch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-001818","article-title":"Post-transplantation cyclophosphamide reduces the incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease in patients with acute myeloid leukemia\/myelodysplastic syndromes who receive immune checkpoint inhibitors after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"9","author":"Saberian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtct.2021.08.022","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of pembrolizumab prior to allogeneic stem cell transplantation for acute myelogenous leukemia","volume":"27","author":"Tschernia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transplant Cell Ther"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2020.06.012","article-title":"Non-myeloablative allogeneic transplantation with post-transplant cyclophosphamide after immune checkpoint inhibition for classic hodgkin lymphoma: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"26","author":"Paul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.03.006","article-title":"Immune checkpoint therapy-current perspectives and future directions","volume":"186","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0160-6","article-title":"Immune-related adverse events of checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"6","author":"Ramos-Casals","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.733890","article-title":"Toxicity of immune-checkpoint inhibitors in hematological Malignancies","volume":"12","author":"Hradska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2023.04.002","article-title":"Immune mechanisms of toxicity from checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.01794","article-title":"Magrolimab in combination with azacitidine in patients with higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes: final results of a phase ib study","volume":"41","author":"Sallman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2022-167772","article-title":"Magrolimab in combination with rituximab + Chemotherapy in patients with relapsed or refractory (R\/R) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL)","volume":"140","author":"Maakaron","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2023.0002","article-title":"Bispecific antibodies targeting immunomodulatory checkpoints for cancer therapy","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Med"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4445","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24767-5","article-title":"A human CD137\u00d7PD-L1 bispecific antibody promotes anti-tumor immunity via context-dependent T cell costimulation and checkpoint blockade","volume":"12","author":"Geuijen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1196970","article-title":"Bispecific antibody targeting TGF-\u03b2 and PD-L1 for synergistic cancer immunotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-003464","article-title":"Dual checkpoint blockade of CD47 and PD-L1 using an affinity-tuned bispecific antibody maximizes antitumor immunity","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J ImmunoTher Cancer"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2205336","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402x.2023.2205336","article-title":"A PD-L1\/EGFR bispecific antibody combines immune checkpoint blockade and direct anti-cancer action for an enhanced anti-tumor response","volume":"12","author":"Rubio-P\u00e9rez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(20)30275-1","article-title":"Brentuximab vedotin plus nivolumab as first-line therapy in older or chemotherapy-ineligible patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (ACCRU): a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial","volume":"7","author":"Cheson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2023.01.003","article-title":"Antibody drug conjugates: in search of partners of choice","volume":"9","author":"Fuentes-Antr\u00e1s","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2024.1323914\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T04:44:29Z","timestamp":1705985069000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2024.1323914\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]]},"references-count":153,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2024.1323914"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2024.1323914","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-943X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]]},"article-number":"1323914"}}