{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T15:44:30Z","timestamp":1791733470086,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The incidence of breast cancer (BC) is rampantly increasing in developing countries particularly Ethiopia. Unfortunately, the morbidity and mortality rates are sharply increasing, and because of this, families are suffering from socioeconomic crises. Despite this, there is limited evidence on the determinants of breast cancer in Ethiopia as well as in the study area.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To identify the determinants of BC among women attending oncology units in selected hospitals in Hawassa City, Ethiopia, in 2023.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A hospital-based, case-control study with 300 patients (75 cases and 225 controls) was carried out in Hawassa from June to July 2023. A simple random sampling technique was used to select cases and controls. Data were collected via pretested and structured digitally installed questionnaires with Kobo collection\/smartphones. The data were exported from the server to SPSS version 27 for analysis. Descriptive analysis of univariate, bivariate, and multivariable logistic regression data was conducted to determine the associations between breast cancer incidence and independent factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 300 women participated in this study for a response rate of 100%. The mean ( \u00b1 SD) ages of the respondents were 37.2 ( \u00b1 14.8) and 36.6 ( \u00b1 15.1) years for the cases and controls, respectively. According to the multivariate logistic regression model, postmenopausal status [AOR: 2.49; 95% CI (1.18, 5.23)], family history of cancer [AOR: 2.33; 95% CI (1.12, 4.82)], oral contraceptives [AOR: 2.74; 95% CI (1.34, 5.99)], overweight and\/or obesity [AOR: 2.29; 95% CI: (1.14, 4.59)], and consumption of solid oil [AOR: 2.36; 95% CI (1.20, 4.67)] were independently associated with BC risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study revealed important risk factors for BC. Therefore, women should adopt healthier lifestyles through healthy nutrition and regular exercise to reduce the risk of developing BC. In addition, early detection and regular screening are proactive approaches for detecting BC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1352191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T13:32:06Z","timestamp":1712928726000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Determinants of breast cancer among women attending oncology units in selected health facilities of Hawassa City, Sidama Region, Southern Ethiopia, 2023: case-control study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Selamawit","family":"Kebede","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsegaye","family":"Alemu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashenafi","family":"Mekonnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.breast.2022.08.010","article-title":"Current and future burden of breast cancer: Global statistics for 2020 and 2040","volume":"66","author":"Arnold","year":"2022","journal-title":"Breast"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9605439","article-title":"Global increase in breast cancer incidence: risk factors and preventive measures","volume":"2022","author":"Kashyap","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2007.10.015","article-title":"Cancer and globalization","volume":"62","author":"Sasco","year":"2008","journal-title":"BioMed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA: A Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.7213","article-title":"Association of independent prognostic factors and treatment modality with survival and recurrence outcomes in breast cancer","volume":"3","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241961","article-title":"tffBreast self-examination practice and associated factors among female healthcare workers in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Mekonnen","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(22)00270-4","article-title":"Cancer in sub-Saharan Africa in 2020: a review of current estimates of the national burden, data gaps, and future needs","volume":"23","author":"Bray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S292588","article-title":"Risk factors associated with breast cancer among women in addis ababa, Ethiopia: Unmatched case\u2013control study","volume":"13","author":"Tolessa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00532","DOI":"10.34172\/jrhs.2021.65","article-title":"Risk factors affecting survival time of breast cancer patients: The case of southwest Ethiopia","volume":"21","author":"Bacha","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Res Health Sci"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(21)00071-1","article-title":"The Global Breast Cancer Initiative: a strategic collaboration to strengthen health care for noncommunicable diseases","volume":"22","author":"Anderson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-056669","article-title":"Determinants of neonatal sepsis among neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of public hospitals in Hawassa City Administration, Sidama Region, Ethiopia, 2020: an unmatched, case\u2013control study","volume":"12","author":"Bejitual","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-023-11174-w","article-title":"Understanding the contribution of lifestyle in breast cancer risk prediction: a systematic review of models applicable to Europe","volume":"23","author":"Mertens","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B13","unstructured":"Breast cancer fact sheet2021"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.21037\/tcr","article-title":"Analysis of risk factors associated with breast cancer in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trans Cancer Res"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191333","article-title":"Menstrual and reproductive factors and risk of breast cancer: A case\u2212control study in the Fez region, Morocco","volume":"13","author":"Khalis","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/BCTT.S293867","article-title":"Identifying risk factors of breast cancer among women attending selected hospitals of Addis Ababa city: hospital-based unmatched case\u2212Control study","volume":"13","author":"Duche","year":"2021","journal-title":"Breast Cancer (Dove Med Press)"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S292588","article-title":"Risk factors associated with breast cancer among women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: unmatched case\u2212Control study","volume":"13","author":"Tolessa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Womens Health"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-022-00477-5","article-title":"Cancer signs and risk factors awareness in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a population-based survey","volume":"18","author":"Tekeste","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect Agent Cancer"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21763","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2023","volume":"73","author":"Siegel","year":"2023","journal-title":"CA: Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.705911","article-title":"Obesity and breast cancer: a paradoxical and controversial relationship influenced by menopausal status","volume":"11","author":"Garc\u00eda-Est\u00e9vez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-021-06453-8","article-title":"Obesity and menopausal status impact the features and molecular phenotype of invasive lobular breast cancer","volume":"191","author":"Rothschild","year":"2022","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-022-01804-x","article-title":"Risk factors for breast cancer in women: an update review","volume":"39","author":"Fakhri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Oncol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/10769986022003349","article-title":"Teacher\u2019s corner: A note on interpretation of the paired-samples t test","volume":"22","author":"Zimmerman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Educ Behav Stati"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-060636","article-title":"Association of risk factors and breast cancer among women treated at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a case\u2013control study","volume":"12","author":"Hassen","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.34365","article-title":"Breast cancer incidence among women with a family history of breast cancer by relative\u2019s age at diagnosis","volume":"128","author":"Durham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/sajc.sajc_317_18","article-title":"Reproductive factors and breast cancer risk: A meta-analysis of case\u2013control studies in Indian women","volume":"8","author":"Vishwakarma","year":"2019","journal-title":"South Asian J cancer"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-023-02543-5","article-title":"The relation between obesity and breast cancer risk in women by considering menstruation status and geographical variations: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Dehesh","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-019-0770-x","article-title":"Oral contraceptive and breast cancer: do benefits outweigh the risks? A case\u2013control study from Jordan","volume":"19","author":"Bardaweel","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265280","DOI":"10.30574\/wjbphs.2022.12.3.0253","article-title":"Breast cancer: Risk factors and prevention strategies","author":"Das","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Biol Pharma Health Sci."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3820759","article-title":"Impact of obesity on clinicopathologic characteristics and disease prognosis in preand postmenopausal breast cancer patients: a retrospective institutional study","volume":"2019","author":"Ayoub","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Obes"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/BCTT.S293867","article-title":"Identifying risk factors for breast cancer among women attending selected hospitals of Addis Ababa city: Hospital-based unmatched case\u2212control study","volume":"13","author":"Duche","year":"2021","journal-title":"Breast Cancer: Targets Ther"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s12609-018-0264-0","article-title":"Obesity, dietary factors, nutrition, and breast cancer risk","volume":"10","author":"Seiler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Breast Cancer Rep"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.12586","article-title":"Dietary patterns and breast cancer risk: a systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Dandamudi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002391","article-title":"Meta-analysis of saturated fatty acid intake and breast cancer risk","volume":"94","author":"Xia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.32309","article-title":"High-fat diet as a risk factor for breast cancer: a meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Uhomoibhi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.30003","article-title":"The impact of dietary fat on breast cancer incidence and survival: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Gopinath","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2024.1352191\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T13:32:10Z","timestamp":1712928730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2024.1352191\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2024.1352191"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2024.1352191","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-943X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]]},"article-number":"1352191"}}