{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T01:51:05Z","timestamp":1790819465322,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chondrosarcoma is a rare malignant bone tumor. Particle beam therapy (PT) can concentrate doses to targets while reducing adverse events. A meta-analysis based on a literature review was performed to examine the efficacy of PT and photon radiotherapy for skull base chondrosarcoma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The meta-analysis was conducted using 21 articles published from 1990 to 2022.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After PT, the 3- and 5-year overall survival (OS) rates were 94.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 91.0-96.2%) and 93.9% (95% CI: 90.6-96.1%), respectively, and the 3- and 5-year local control rates were 95.4% (95% CI: 92.0-97.4%) and 90.1% (95% CI: 76.8-96.0%), respectively. Meta-regression analysis revealed a significant association of PT with a superior 5-year OS rate compared to three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (p &amp;lt; 0.001). In the studies used in the meta-analysis, the major adverse event of grade 2 or higher was temporal lobe necrosis (incidence 1-18%, median 7%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>PT for skull base chondrosarcoma had a good outcome and may be a valuable option among radiotherapy modalities. However, high-dose postoperative irradiation of skull base chondrosarcoma can cause adverse events such as temporal lobe necrosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1380716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T04:47:36Z","timestamp":1710823656000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["A systematic review and meta-analysis of radiotherapy and particle beam therapy for skull base chondrosarcoma: TRP-chondrosarcoma 2024"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Masatoshi","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masashi","family":"Mizumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shosei","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinuo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiko","family":"Oshiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masako","family":"Inaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sho","family":"Hosaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroko","family":"Fukushima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryoko","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Iizumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kei","family":"Nakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazushi","family":"Maruo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideyuki","family":"Sakurai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12072506","article-title":"Chondrosarcoma: a clinical review","volume":"12","author":"Gazendam","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2015.10.029","article-title":"Skull base chondrosarcoma","volume":"24","author":"Awad","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000509386","article-title":"Skull base chordomas and chondrosarcomas","volume":"110","author":"Kremenevski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.03.097","article-title":"Outcomes and patterns of care in adult skull base chondrosarcoma patients in the United States","volume":"150","author":"Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2020.11.014","article-title":"ESTRO ACROP guideline for target volume delineation of skull base tumors","volume":"156","author":"Combs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-019-03129-8","article-title":"Proton therapy for skull-base chondrosarcoma, a single-institution outcomes study","volume":"142","author":"Holtzman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.14260","article-title":"Outcome and toxicity of carbon ion radiotherapy for axial bone soft tissue sarcomas","volume":"40","author":"Cuccia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2010.11.001","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement and publication bias","volume":"39","author":"Knobloch","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"6","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PloS Med"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22909","article-title":"Determinants of survival in sinonasal and skull base chondrosarcoma: An analysis of the National Cancer Database","volume":"12","author":"Rimmer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208786","article-title":"Surgery and protontherapy in Grade I and II skull base chondrosarcoma: A comparative retrospective study","volume":"13","author":"Simon","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2018.06.040","article-title":"Long term outcome of skull-base chondrosarcoma patients treated with high-dose proton therapy with or without conventional radiation therapy","volume":"129","author":"Weber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.31298","article-title":"High control rates of proton- and carbon-ion-beam treatment with intensity-modulated active raster scanning in 101 patients with skull base chondrosarcoma at the Heidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center","volume":"124","author":"Mattke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2016.05.011","article-title":"Long term outcomes of patients with skull-base low-grade chondrosarcoma and chordoma patients treated with pencil beam scanning proton therapy","volume":"120","author":"Weber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2015.12.016","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of adjuvant proton therapy combined with surgery for chondrosarcoma of the skull base: A retrospective, population-based study","volume":"95","author":"Feuvret","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nov154","article-title":"Long-term outcomes and prognostic factors of skull-base chondrosarcoma patients treated with pencil-beam scanning proton therapy at the Paul Scherrer Institute","volume":"18","author":"Weber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2008.12.055","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of spot scanning proton radiation therapy for chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the skull base: first long-term report","volume":"75","author":"Ares","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2005.02.023","article-title":"Results of spot-scanning proton radiation therapy for chordoma and chondrosarcoma of the skull base: the Paul Scherrer Institut experience","volume":"63","author":"Weber","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0360-3016(01)01634-0","article-title":"Combination of photon and proton radiation therapy for chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the skull base: the Centre de Protonth\u00e9rapie D\u2019Orsay experience","volume":"51","author":"No\u00ebl","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1999.91.3.0432","article-title":"Proton radiation therapy for chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the skull base","volume":"91","author":"Hug","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13174423","article-title":"Particle radiotherapy for skull base chondrosarcoma: A clinical series from Italian national center for oncological hadrontherapy","volume":"13","author":"Riva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(94)90550-9","article-title":"Experience in charged particle irradiation of tumors of the skull base: 1977-1992","volume":"29","author":"Castro","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000143330.30405.AA","article-title":"Radiotherapeutic factors in the management of cervical-basal chordomas and chondrosarcomas","volume":"55","author":"No\u00ebl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-003-1065-5","article-title":"Radiation therapy for chordoma and chondrosarcoma of the skull base and the cervical spine. Prognostic factors and patterns of failure","volume":"179","author":"No\u00ebl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Strahlenther Onkol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2019-300117","article-title":"How to perform a meta-analysis with R: a practical tutorial","volume":"22","author":"Balduzzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evid Based Ment Health"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199911000-00007","article-title":"Chondrosarcoma of the base of the skull: a clinicopathologic study of 200 cases with emphasis on its distinction from chordoma","volume":"23","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23073","article-title":"Chordoma and chondrosarcoma: similar, but quite different, skull base tumors","volume":"110","author":"Almefty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2009.05.003","article-title":"A systematic review of intracranial Chondrosarcoma and survival","volume":"16","author":"Bloch","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2014.07.005","article-title":"Skull base chordoma and chondrosarcoma: influence of clinical and demographic factors on prognosis: a SEER analysis","volume":"82","author":"Bohman","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mao.0000233812.48800.b4","article-title":"Chondrosarcoma of the skull base: long-term follow-up","volume":"27","author":"Brackmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2012.08.002","article-title":"Skull base chondrosarcoma: evidence-based treatment paradigms","volume":"24","author":"Bloch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosurg"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-008-0052-5","article-title":"Emerging role of proton beam radiotherapy for chordoma and chondrosarcoma of the skull base","volume":"10","author":"Nguyen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Oncol Rep"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-009-0194-4","article-title":"Proton therapy in Chordoma of the base of the skull: a systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Amichetti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15235687","article-title":"Risk factors for radiation necrosis and local recurrence after proton beam therapy for skull base chordoma or chondrosarcoma","volume":"15","author":"Takahashi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2014.10.011","article-title":"Dose-volume relationships associated with temporal lobe radiation necrosis after skull base proton beam therapy","volume":"91","author":"McDonald","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2020.12.011","article-title":"Dosimetric predictors of symptomatic radiation necrosis after five-fraction radiosurgery for brain metastases","volume":"156","author":"Andruska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiother Oncol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2009.02.091","article-title":"Radiation dose-volume effects in the brain","volume":"76","author":"Lawrence","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2024.1380716\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T04:47:38Z","timestamp":1710823658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2024.1380716\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2024.1380716"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2024.1380716","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-943X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"article-number":"1380716"}}