{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T02:55:28Z","timestamp":1790391328681,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To analyze the CT and MR features of Primary hepatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PHNENs) in order to enhance the diagnostic accuracy of this disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients diagnosed with hepatic neuroendocrine neoplasms, excluding other sites of origin through general examination and postoperative follow-up. The CT and MR signs were analyzed according to the 2018 version of Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS), along with causes of misdiagnosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twelve patients, including 6 males and 6 females, were enrolled in this study. There was no significant increase in liver tumor markers among all cases. Most masses were multiple (9\/12), exhibiting low attenuation on pre-contrast CT scans, T1-hypointense signal, T2-hyperintense signal, and restricted diffusion. The majority of these masses (7\/10) demonstrated similar rim arterial phase hyper-enhancement as well as peripheral \u201cwashout\u201d during venous portal phase and delayed phase imaging. Three cases had incomplete capsules while one case had a complete capsule. Cyst\/necrosis was observed in 7 out of all cases following administration of contrast agent, with 5 mainly distributed in the periphery. All masses lacked fat, calcification, vascular or bile duct tumor thrombus formation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The imaging findings associated with PHNENs possess certain specificity, often presenting as multiple masses within the liver accompanied by peripheral cyst\/necrosis, similar rim arterial phase hyper-enhancement during venous portal phase and delayed phase imaging.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1391663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T04:49:23Z","timestamp":1715662163000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Primary hepatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: imaging characteristics and misdiagnosis analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xiu-Rong","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying-Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zi-Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Ming","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2017.0589","article-title":"Trends in the incidence, prevalence, and survival outcomes in patients with neuroendocrine tumors in the United States","volume":"3","author":"Dasari","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"B2","article-title":"Tumors of the liver and intrahepatic bile ducts. 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