{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T02:16:13Z","timestamp":1792894573436,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Breast cancer is the second most diagnosed cancer, as well as the primary cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Of the different breast cancer subtypes, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is particularly aggressive and is associated with poor prognosis. Black women are two to three times more likely to be diagnosed with TNBCs than white women. Recent experimental evidence suggests that basal-like TNBCs may derive from luminal cells which acquire basal characteristics through phenotypic plasticity, a newly recognized hallmark of cancer. Whether chemical exposures can promote phenotypic plasticity in breast cells is poorly understood. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate further, we developed a high-content immunocytochemistry assay using normal human breast cells to test whether chemical exposures can impact luminal\/basal plasticity by unbiased quantification of keratin 14 (KRT14), a basal-myoepithelial marker; keratin 8 (KRT8), a luminal-epithelial marker; and Hoechst 33342, a DNA marker. Six cell lines established from healthy tissue from donors to the Susan G. Komen Normal Tissue Bank were exposed for 48 hours to three different concentrations (0.1\u03bcM, 1\u03bcM, and 10\u03bcM) of eight ubiquitous chemicals (arsenic, BPA, BPS, cadmium, copper, DDE, lead, and PFNA), with documented exposure disparities in US Black women, in triplicate. Automated fluorescence image quantification was performed using Cell Profiler software, and a random-forest classifier was trained to classify individual cells as KRT8 positive, KRT14 positive, or hybrid (both KRT8 and KRT14 positive) using Cell Profiler Analyst. <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Results demonstrated significant concentration-dependent increases in hybrid populations in response to BPA, BPS, DDE, and PFNA. The increase in hybrid populations expressing both KRT14 and KRT8 is indicative of a phenotypically plastic progenitor-like population in line with known theories of carcinogenesis. Furthermore, BPA, BPS, DDE, and copper produced significant increases in cell proliferation, which could be indicative of a more malignant phenotype. These results further elucidate the relationship between chemical exposure and breast phenotypic plasticity and highlight potential environmental factors that may impact TNBC risk.  <\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1411295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T16:28:28Z","timestamp":1718123308000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Investigating phenotypic plasticity due to toxicants with exposure disparities in primary human breast cells in vitro"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jade","family":"Schroeder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katelyn 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