{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T12:57:46Z","timestamp":1789477066051,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2023R1A2C1005950"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2023R1A2C1005950"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The rapid advancement of science and technology has significantly expanded the capabilities of artificial intelligence, enhancing diagnostic accuracy for gastric cancer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This research aims to utilize endoscopic images to identify various gastric disorders using an advanced Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model. The Kvasir dataset, comprising images of normal Z-line, normal pylorus, ulcerative colitis, stool, and polyps, was used. Images were pre-processed and graphically analyzed to understand pixel intensity patterns, followed by feature extraction using adaptive thresholding and contour analysis for morphological values. Five deep transfer learning models\u2014NASNetMobile, EfficientNetB5, EfficientNetB6, InceptionV3, DenseNet169\u2014and a hybrid model combining EfficientNetB6 and DenseNet169 were evaluated using various performance metrics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results &amp;amp; discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>For the complete images of gastric cancer, EfficientNetB6 computed the top performance with 99.88% accuracy on a loss of 0.049. Additionally, InceptionV3 achieved the highest testing accuracy of 97.94% for detecting normal pylorus, while EfficientNetB6 excelled in detecting ulcerative colitis and normal Z-line with accuracies of 98.8% and 97.85%, respectively. EfficientNetB5 performed best for polyps and stool with accuracies of 98.40% and 96.86%, respectively.The study demonstrates that deep transfer learning techniques can effectively predict and classify different types of gastric cancer at early stages, aiding experts in diagnosis and detection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1431912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T04:10:30Z","timestamp":1726459830000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Advanced CNN models in gastric cancer diagnosis: enhancing endoscopic image analysis with deep transfer 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