{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:23:00Z","timestamp":1787026980917,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cancer has emerged as one of the leading causes of fatality all over the world. Phytoconstituents are being studied for their synergistic effects, which include disease prevention by altering molecular pathways and immunomodulation without side effects. The present experiment aims to explore the cancer preventive activities of\n                      <jats:italic>Argemone mexicana<\/jats:italic>\n                      Linn leaves extract in skin cancer cell lines (A431) and colon cancer cell lines (COLO 320DM)). In addition, TNF-\u03b1 expression patterns and NF-kB signaling pathways have been examined.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      LC\/MS study of\n                      <jats:italic>Argemone mexicana<\/jats:italic>\n                      Linn extracts in various solvents revealed anti-cancerous phytoconstituents. Network pharmacology analysis used Binding DB, STRING, DAVID, and KEGG for data mining to evaluate predicted compounds using functional annotation analysis. Cytoscape 3.2.1 created \u201cneighbourhood approach\u201d and networks. The MNTD of these extracts was tested on L929 fibroblasts. Skin cancer (A431) and colon cancer (COLO 320DM) cell lines were tested for IC50 inhibition. Evaluation of TNF-\u03b1 and NF-kB expression in cell culture supernatants and homogenates reveals anti-cancerous effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>LC-MS analysis of extracts predicted the presence of anticancer alkaloids Berberine, Atropine, Argemexicin, and Argemonin. In Network pharmacology analysis, enrichment was linked to the PI3-AKT pathway for both cancer types. MNTD was calculated at 1000\u03bcg\/ml in L929. The ethanolic extract at 1000\u03bcg\/ml significantly inhibited skin cancer cell proliferation by 67% and colon cancer cells by 75%. Ethanolic extract significantly reduced TNF-\u03b1 expression in both cell lines (p&amp;lt;0.001), with the highest inhibition at 1000\u03bcg\/ml. In TNF-\u03b1 stimulated cell lines, 1000\u03bcg\/ml ethanolic extract significantly reduced the regulation of the NF-kB pathway, which plays a role in cancer progression (p&amp;lt;0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Argemone mexicana<\/jats:italic>\n                      Linn. known as \u2018swarnkshiri\u2019 in Ayurveda has been reported to be used by the traditional healers for the treatment of psoriasis and its anti-inflammatory and anti-cancerous properties, according to the Indian Medicinal Plant dictionary. In the experiment, the abatement in the expression of inflammatory cytokine TNF-\u03b1 and inhibition of NF-kB transcription factor activation could be linked with the downregulation of cancer cell proliferation. The study revealed the anticancer activity of\n                      <jats:italic>Argemone mexicana<\/jats:italic>\n                      Linn in the cancer cell lines and paved a pathway for molecular approaches that could be explored more in\n                      <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      studies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1502819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:10:25Z","timestamp":1733098225000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Metabolomics and network pharmacology\u2013guided analysis of TNF-\u03b1 expression by Argemone mexicana (Linn) targeting NF-kB the signalling pathway in cancer cell lines"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sunanda","family":"Kulshrestha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjana","family":"Goel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subhadip","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohit","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Rashid","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kow-Tong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21820","article-title":"Cancer statistic","volume":"74","author":"Siegel","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA: Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21695","article-title":"Cancer statistics for the US Hispanic\/Latino populatio","volume":"71","author":"Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA: Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121211034366","article-title":"New approaches and procedures for cancer treatment: Current perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Debela","year":"2021","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"p.100676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2022.100676","article-title":"Integrating ayurvedic medicine into cancer research programs part 1: Ayurveda background and applications","volume":"14","author":"Arnold","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Ayurveda Integr Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.51470\/PLANTARCHIVES.2021.v21.no1.006","article-title":"A panoramic view on Argemone mexicana: its medicinal importance and phytochemical potentials","volume":"21","author":"Kulshrestha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Arch"},{"key":"B6","article-title":"Medicinal property and ethnopharmacological activities of Argemone mexicana: an overview","author":"Pathak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Rom Soc Cell Biol."},{"key":"B7","volume-title":"Herbal Composition for Treating Various Disorders Including Psoriasis, A Process For Preparation Thereof And Method For Treatment Of Such Disorders","author":"Arora","year":"2003"},{"key":"B8","first-page":"4","article-title":"Ethnopharmacological studies of argemone mexicana for the management of psoriasis followed by molecular techniques through metabolomics","volume":"1","author":"Gayoor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Signs"},{"key":"B9","volume-title":"Indian medicinal plants: an illustrated dictionary","author":"Khare","year":"2008"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.05.017","article-title":"Argemone mexicana decoction for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria","volume":"101","author":"Willcox","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hygiene"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114588","article-title":"Medicinal plants used against hepatic disorders in Bangladesh: A comprehensive review","volume":"282","author":"Das","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v11.i4.281","article-title":"Up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 pathway survival genes and of the receptor TNFR2 in gastric cancer","volume":"11","author":"Rossi","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J Gastrointestinal Oncol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S161109","article-title":"Role of the NF\u03baB-signaling pathway in cancer","author":"Xia","year":"2018","journal-title":"OncoTargets Ther"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116720","article-title":"Pinelliaternata (Thunb.) 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