{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T10:42:56Z","timestamp":1791715376263,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":216,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82104941, 82305329, 2022JJ30447, 2023JJ30449, 2023JJ40500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82104941, 82305329, 2022JJ30447, 2023JJ30449, 2023JJ40500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Homoharringtonine is a natural alkaloid with significant pharmacological potential that has demonstrated promising efficacy in the treatment of hematological malignancies in recent years. This article systematically reviews the pharmacological mechanisms of Homoharringtonine, focusing on its key roles in inducing apoptosis, inhibiting cell cycle progression, and reducing cell migration and invasion. Additionally, HHT exhibits multiple biological activities, including immunomodulation, antiviral effects, and anti-fibrotic properties, with recent studies also revealing its potential neuroprotective functions. In clinical trials, Homoharringtonine has demonstrated promising efficacy in the treatment of hematological malignancies, particularly in various types such as acute myeloid leukemia and chronic myeloid leukemia. Despite the significant antitumor effects observed in clinical applications, its low bioavailability and potential side effects remain major challenges that limit its widespread use. This article details the latest research advancements aimed at enhancing the bioavailability of Homoharringtonine, including various drug delivery systems such as nanoparticles and liposomes, as well as chemical modification strategies.\u00a0These approaches not only improve HHT\u2019s bioavailability <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> but\u00a0also enhance its targeting ability while reducing toxicity to normal cells. Furthermore, the combination of HHT with other drugs presents broader prospects for clinical treatment. By exploring the diverse pharmacological activities of Homoharringtonine in depth, this article aims to provide a foundation for developing novel therapeutic approaches based on natural products, thereby advancing HHT\u2019s application research in cancer treatment and other fields.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1522273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T06:22:37Z","timestamp":1738218157000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Homoharringtonine: mechanisms, clinical applications and research progress"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Wen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fulan","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yibin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangliang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingchun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","article-title":"The genus Cephalotaxus: source of homoharringtonine and related anticancer alkaloids","volume":"60","author":"Smith","year":"1976","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rep"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.4609","article-title":"Anticancer drugs from traditional toxic Chinese medicines","volume":"26","author":"Man","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1875-5364(21)60032-8","article-title":"Ethnopharmacology, chemodiversity, and bioactivity of Cephalotaxus medicinal plants","volume":"19","author":"Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin J Nat Med"},{"key":"B4","article-title":"Clinical research on alkaloids from cephalotaxus plants","author":"Zhongzhen","year":"1976","journal-title":"Cancer Res Prev Treat"},{"key":"B5","article-title":"Cephalotaxus: A novel medicine for treating leukemia","author":"Zhongwu","year":"1978","journal-title":"Life World"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(01)88620-2","article-title":"Structure of cephalotaxine and related alkaloids","volume":"10","author":"Powell","year":"1969","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4039(01)97839-6","article-title":"Structures of harringtonine, isoharringtonine, and homoharringtonine","volume":"11","author":"Powell","year":"1970","journal-title":"Tetrahedron Lett"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600610812","article-title":"Antitumor alkaloids from cephalotaxus harringtonia: structure and activity","volume":"61","author":"Powell","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Of Pharm Sci"},{"key":"B9","first-page":"59","article-title":"Study on combined chemosensitivity test in acute non-lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"19","author":"Luo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"B10","first-page":"76","article-title":"Effects of homoharringtonine on protein glycosylation in human bladder carcinoma cell T-24","volume":"49","author":"Ling","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7254.2007.00569.x","article-title":"Gene expression pattern in apoptotic QGY-7703 cells induced by homoharringtonine","volume":"28","author":"Jin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.2095-140X.2009.01.008","article-title":"A study of homoharringtonine in anti-breast cancer","volume":"21","author":"Lei","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Pharm J Chin People\u2019s Liberation Army"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2013.03.017","article-title":"Homoharringtonine\/omacetaxine mepesuccinate: the long and winding road to food and drug administration approval","volume":"13","author":"Kantarjian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leukemia"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142422","article-title":"Synergistic effect and molecular mechanism of homoharringtonine and bortezomib on SKM-1 cell apoptosis","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.7534\/j.issn.1009-2137.2018.02.014","article-title":"Combined effect of bortezomib and homoharringtonine on K562 cells and their mechanisms","volume":"26","author":"Xie Chun","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Exp Hematol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(89)81546-7","article-title":"Alkaloid homoharringtonine inhibits polypeptide chain elongation on human ribosomes on the step of peptide bond formation","volume":"257","author":"Tujebajeva","year":"1989","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.9.3.361","article-title":"Varicella-zoster virus","volume":"9","author":"Arvin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.16956","article-title":"Homoharringtonine targets Smad3 and TGF-\u03b2 pathway to inhibit the proliferation of acute myeloid leukemia cells","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-5018-x","article-title":"Homoharringtonine interacts synergistically with bortezomib in NHL cells through MCL-1 and NOXA-dependent mechanisms","volume":"18","author":"Nguyen","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.110960","article-title":"Homoharringtonine suppresses LoVo cell growth by inhibiting EphB4 and the PI3K\/AKT and MAPK\/EKR1\/2 signaling pathways","volume":"136","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2021.2012626","article-title":"Uncovering the action mechanism of homoharringtonine against colorectal cancer by using network pharmacology and experimental evaluation","volume":"12","author":"Qu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3441357","article-title":"Homoharringtonine attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by inhibiting NF-\u03baB signaling","volume":"2022","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mediators Inflammation"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(20010915)92:6&lt;1591::aid-cncr1485<3.0.co;2-u","article-title":"Homoharringtonine: history, current research, and future direction","volume":"92","author":"Kantarjian","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c9tb02284h","article-title":"An anticancer agent-loaded PLGA nanomedicine with glutathione-response and targeted delivery for the treatment of lung cancer","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Mater Chem B"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31041-9","article-title":"Acute myeloid leukaemia","volume":"392","author":"Short","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1818539116","article-title":"Homoharringtonine deregulates MYC transcriptional expression by directly binding NF-\u03baB repressing factor","volume":"116","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1000-4718.2015.11.002","article-title":"Inhibition of FoxM1 sensitizes leukemia K562 cells to homoharringtonine","volume":"31","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin J Pathophysiology"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2018.208835","article-title":"Homoharringtonine exhibits potent anti-tumor effect and modulates DNA epigenome in acute myeloid leukemia by targeting SP1\/TET1\/5hmC","volume":"105","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.656045","article-title":"Curcumin in combination with omacetaxine suppress lymphoma cell growth, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis via inhibition of VEGF\/akt signaling pathway","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2016.02.002","article-title":"Effects of the combination of decitabine and homoharringtonine in SKM-1 and Kg-1a cells","volume":"44","author":"Geng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Leuk Res"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X06003795","article-title":"Homoharringtonine-induced apoptosis of human leukemia HL-60 cells is associated with down-regulation of telomerase","volume":"34","author":"Xie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Chin Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2835","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30264-0","article-title":"Inhibition of the CDK2 and Cyclin A complex leads to autophagic degradation of CDK2 in cancer cells","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13359","article-title":"Homoharringtonine binds to and increases myosin-9 in myeloid leukaemia","volume":"173","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B34","article-title":"Harringtonine, an inhibitor of initiation of protein biosynthesis","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"1975","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1977.tb11256.x","article-title":"Inhibition of translation in eukaryotic systems by harringtonine","volume":"72","author":"Fresno","year":"1977","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-13-1283","article-title":"Omacetaxine: a protein translation inhibitor for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia","volume":"20","author":"Gandhi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B37","article-title":"NRF, a nuclear inhibitor of NF-kappaB proteins silencing interferon-beta promoter","volume":"11","author":"Nourbakhsh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur Cytokine Netw"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.10.3.14709","article-title":"Multiple faces of FoxM1 transcription factor: lessons from transgenic mouse models","volume":"10","author":"Kalin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90683-6","article-title":"Mechanism of transcriptional activation by Sp1: evidence for coactivators","volume":"61","author":"Pugh","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-1119(99)00357-1","article-title":"The Sp-family of transcription factors","volume":"238","author":"Suske","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2020.12.011","article-title":"Roles and regulations of TET enzymes in solid tumors","volume":"7","author":"Bray","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0697-518","article-title":"Cancer researchers validate and pursue telomerase","volume":"15","author":"Robertson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.2.6.515","article-title":"Telomerase as a growth-promoting factor","volume":"2","author":"Gorbunova","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"B44","article-title":"Clinical implications of telomerase activity levels in acute leukemia","volume":"3","author":"Ohyashiki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B45","article-title":"Telomerase activity and telomere length in acute and chronic leukemia, pre- and post-ex vivo culture","volume":"60","author":"Engelhardt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7534\/j.issn.1009-2137.2018.01.017","article-title":"Mechanism of mTOR Pathway in K562 cell Apoptosis Induced by Homoharringtonine","volume":"26","author":"Yihan Wuj","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Exp Hematol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7534\/j.issn.1009-2137.2017.02.019","article-title":"Effect of autophagy on homoharringtonine-treated K562 cells","volume":"25","author":"Xue-Ying Yel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Exp Hematol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2017.04.007","article-title":"Homoharringtonine enhances bortezomib antimyeloma activity in myeloma cells adhesion to bone marrow stromal cells and in SCID mouse xenografts","volume":"57","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Leuk Res"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S279054","article-title":"Homoharringtonine exerts an antimyeloma effect by promoting excess parkin-dependent mitophagy","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-022-01620-2","article-title":"The 5th edition of the world health organization classification of haematolymphoid tumours: lymphoid neoplasms","volume":"36","author":"Alaggio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-1191","article-title":"Targeting of BCL2 family proteins with ABT-199 and homoharringtonine reveals BCL2- and MCL1-dependent subgroups of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"22","author":"Klanova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2016.03.011","article-title":"EphB4 promotes the proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis of human colorectal cancer","volume":"100","author":"Lv","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp Mol Pathol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0284186X.2018.1429650","article-title":"Effects of EphB4 receptor expression on colorectal cancer cells, tumor growth, vascularization and composition","volume":"57","author":"Kadife","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Oncol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2019.07.009","article-title":"PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR inhibitors in cancer: At the bench and bedside","volume":"59","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2019.05.012","article-title":"Role of the PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR signaling pathway in ovarian cancer: Biological and therapeutic significance","volume":"59","author":"Ediriweera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2022.215783","article-title":"Fangchinoline inhibits non-small cell lung cancer metastasis by reversing epithelial-mesenchymal transition and suppressing the cytosolic ROS-related Akt-mTOR signaling pathway","volume":"543","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2022.02.017","article-title":"Circular RNA ANAPC7 inhibits tumor growth and muscle wasting via PHLPP2-AKT-TGF-\u03b2 Signaling axis in pancreatic cancer","volume":"162","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B58","article-title":"Blockage of mTOR signaling pathway by homoharringtonine inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of HT29 human colorectal tumor cells","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin J Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11081161","article-title":"Interactions of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) with the immune system: implications for inflammation and cancer","volume":"11","author":"Beyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac044","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus (HBV) upregulates TRAIL-R3 expression in hepatocytes resulting in escape from both cell apoptosis and suppression of HBV replication by TRAIL","volume":"227","author":"Suehiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-013-0823-9","article-title":"The plant alkaloid and anti-leukemia drug homoharringtonine sensitizes resistant human colorectal carcinoma cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis via multiple mechanisms","volume":"18","author":"Beranova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2013.0057","article-title":"Human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells express TRAIL receptors and can be sensitized to TRAIL-induced apoptosis","volume":"22","author":"Vinarsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-015-0103-0","article-title":"Homoharringtonine, a clinically approved anti-leukemia drug, sensitizes tumor cells for TRAIL-induced necroptosis","volume":"13","author":"Philipp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.71880","article-title":"A survey of optimal strategy for signature-based drug repositioning and an application to liver cancer","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2007.10.039","article-title":"YAP1 increases organ size and expands undifferentiated progenitor cells","volume":"17","author":"Camargo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.592071","article-title":"Homoharringtonine exerts anti-tumor effects in hepatocellular carcinoma through activation of the hippo pathway","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2870","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20122870","article-title":"Roles of E-cadherin and noncoding RNAs in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and progression in gastric cancer","volume":"20","author":"Bure","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-019-0806-6","article-title":"NMIIA promotes tumor growth and metastasis by activating the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway and EMT in pancreatic cancer","volume":"38","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2017.6513","article-title":"Effect of epithelial growth factor on matrix metalloproteinase-2 and E-cadherin\/\u03b2-catenin expression in an in situ model of tumorigenesis","volume":"14","author":"Navarini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-02902-2","article-title":"Homoharringtonine suppresses tumor proliferation and migration by regulating EphB4-mediated \u03b2-catenin loss in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4149\/neo_2021_210113N57","article-title":"Homoharringtonine inhibits the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma by suppressing the PI3K\/AKT\/GSK3\u03b2\/Slug signaling pathway","volume":"68","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neoplasma"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.22021","article-title":"Integrated signaling in developing lymphocytes: the role of DNA damage responses","volume":"11","author":"Bednarski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1001-1978.2021.03.015","article-title":"Homoharringtonine activates ATM\/p53 pathway to inhibit proliferation of human liver cancer cell PLC5","volume":"37","author":"Yumei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin Pharmacol Bull"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4777","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21134777","article-title":"NRF2, a transcription factor for stress response and beyond","volume":"21","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2019.06.049","article-title":"Homoharringtonine stabilizes secondary structure of guanine-rich sequence existing in the 5\u2019-untranslated region of Nrf2","volume":"29","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem Lett"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-017-0720-x","article-title":"Cell-specific mechanisms of TMEM16A Ca(2+)-activated chloride channel in cancer","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-12-0475-T","article-title":"TMEM16A induces MAPK and contributes directly to tumorigenesis and cancer progression","volume":"72","author":"Duvvuri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10930","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222010930","article-title":"TMEM16A, a homoharringtonine receptor, as a potential endogenic target for lung cancer treatment","volume":"22","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2005.10.001","article-title":"The KRAS oncogene: past, present, and future","volume":"1756","author":"Kranenburg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.43.0454","article-title":"KRAS mutation: should we test for it, and does it matter","volume":"31","author":"Roberts","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8216","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26454-w","article-title":"Homoharringtonine induced immune alteration for an Efficient Anti-tumor Response in Mouse Models of Non-small Cell Lung Adenocarcinoma Expressing Kras Mutation","volume":"8","author":"Weng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3818","article-title":"Revisiting STAT3 signalling in cancer: new and unexpected biological functions","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keu430","article-title":"The activity of JAK-STAT pathways in rheumatoid arthritis: constitutive activation of STAT3 correlates with interleukin 6 levels","volume":"54","author":"Isom\u00e4ki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxford)"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08477","article-title":"Homoharringtonine induces apoptosis and inhibits STAT3 via IL-6\/JAK1\/STAT3 signal pathway in Gefitinib-resistant lung cancer cells","volume":"5","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B85","article-title":"Homoharringtonine, an approved anti-leukemia drug, suppresses triple negative breast cancer growth through a rapid reduction of anti-apoptotic protein abundance","volume":"9","author":"Yakhni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Cancer Res"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-18-4055","article-title":"Chemotherapy-induced extracellular vesicle miRNAs promote breast cancer stemness by targeting ONECUT2","volume":"79","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.44907","article-title":"Homoharringtonine inhibited breast cancer cells growth via miR-18a-3p\/AKT\/mTOR signaling pathway","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15663","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-19621-7","article-title":"Homoharringtonine demonstrates a cytotoxic effect against triple-negative breast cancer cell lines and acts synergistically with paclitaxel","volume":"12","author":"Plett","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.16571\/j.cnki.2097-2768.2024.06.002","article-title":"Effects of homoharringtonine on the migration and invasion ability of human triple negative breast cancer cells","volume":"37","author":"Lei LIY","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Med Res Combat Trauma Care"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2019.01.007","article-title":"Integrin signaling in cancer: mechanotransduction, stemness, epithelial plasticity, and therapeutic resistance","volume":"35","author":"Cooper","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2021.01.004","article-title":"Integrins as attractive targets for cancer therapeutics","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2006.08.011","article-title":"Integrin-regulated FAK-Src signaling in normal and cancer cells","volume":"18","author":"Mitra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cell Biol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.106654","article-title":"Inhibition of bladder cancer growth with homoharringtonine by inactivating integrin \u03b15\/\u03b21-FAK\/Src axis: A novel strategy for drug application","volume":"188","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1001-1978.2020.08.013","article-title":"Effect of homoharringtonine on proliferation of human melanoma A375 cells and its mechanisms","volume":"36","author":"Jiafeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin Pharmacol Bull"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13865\/j.cnki.cjbmb.2020.05.1078","article-title":"Homoharringtonine inhibits the cell cycle and proliferation of vemurafenib-resistant melanoma cells by downregulating the expression of IRS4","volume":"36","author":"Shiying","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin J Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-380888-2.00003-0","article-title":"The ATM-Chk2 and ATR-Chk1 pathways in DNA damage signaling and cancer","volume":"108","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv Cancer Res"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2020.111716","article-title":"Aurora kinases and DNA damage response","volume":"821","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2021.108774","article-title":"Homoharringtonine inhibits melanoma cells proliferation in vitro and vivo by inducing DNA damage, apoptosis, and G2\/M cell cycle arrest","volume":"700","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30405","article-title":"Assessment of the treatment approach and survival outcomes in a modern cohort of patients with atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors using the National Cancer Database","volume":"123","author":"Fischer-Valuck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/cbt.8.5.8019","article-title":"The role of SMARCB1\/INI1 in development of rhabdoid tumor","volume":"8","author":"Roberts","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Ther"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4995","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-2717","article-title":"Rhabdoid tumors are sensitive to the protein-translation inhibitor homoharringtonine","volume":"26","author":"Howard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-009-1050-5","article-title":"Temozolomide in Malignant gliomas: current use and future targets","volume":"64","author":"Villano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother Pharmacol"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2006.09.005","article-title":"Platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha is a key determinant of smooth muscle alpha-actin filaments in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"39","author":"Ball","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.16.4.1759","article-title":"Platelet-derived growth factor induces phosphorylation of multiple JAK family kinases and STAT proteins","volume":"16","author":"Vignais","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.131568898","article-title":"Stat3-mediated Myc expression is required for Src transformation and PDGF-induced mitogenesis","volume":"98","author":"Bowman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68068-1","article-title":"Tensile force-induced PDGF-BB\/PDGFR\u03b2 signals in periodontal ligament fibroblasts activate JAK2\/STAT3 for orthodontic tooth movement","volume":"10","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.01.004","article-title":"The role of STAT3 in glioblastoma progression through dual influences on tumor cells and the immune microenvironment","volume":"451","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2022.06.017","article-title":"Identification of Homoharringtonine as a potent inhibitor of glioblastoma cell proliferation and migration","volume":"251","author":"Porc\u00f9","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70263-3","article-title":"Cancer-related inflammation and treatment effectiveness","volume":"15","author":"Diakos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI57158","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies for the clinical blockade of IL-6\/gp130 signaling","volume":"121","author":"Jones","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-013-2084-3","article-title":"NF-\u03baB and STAT3 signaling pathways collaboratively link inflammation to cancer","volume":"4","author":"Fan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2019.06.002","article-title":"Akt in cancer: Mediator and more","volume":"59","author":"Revathidevi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092-8674(00)81959-5","article-title":"Stat3 as an oncogene","volume":"98","author":"Bromberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.11.001","article-title":"JAK\/STAT3-regulated fatty acid \u03b2-oxidation is critical for breast cancer stem cell self-renewal and chemoresistance","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1159\/000519974","article-title":"Homoharringtonine inhibits alzheimer\u2019s disease progression by reducing neuroinflammation via STAT3 signaling in APP\/PS1 mice","volume":"21","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurodegener Dis"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2019.4197","article-title":"Triptolide exerts an anti-tumor effect on non\u2212small cell lung cancer cells by inhibiting activation of the IL\u22126\/STAT3 axis","volume":"44","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.23.13859","article-title":"NF-kappaB activation provides the potential link between inflammation and hyperplasia in the arthritic joint","volume":"95","author":"Miagkov","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.9.1739","article-title":"Essential role of nuclear factor kappaB in the induction of eosinophilia in allergic airway inflammation","volume":"188","author":"Yang","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.10.5668","article-title":"Defining therapeutic targets by using adenovirus: blocking NF-kappaB inhibits both inflammatory and destructive mechanisms in rheumatoid synovium but spares anti-inflammatory mediators","volume":"96","author":"Bondeson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.12.6827","article-title":"NF-kappa B\/Rel transcription factors: c-Rel promotes airway hyperresponsiveness and allergic pulmonary inflammation","volume":"163","author":"Donovan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc780","article-title":"NF-kappaB in cancer: from innocent bystander to major culprit","volume":"2","author":"Karin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.01032","article-title":"Homoharringtonine inhibits allergic inflammations by regulating NF-\u03baB-miR-183-5p-BTG1 axis","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.3390\/v10110601","article-title":"The natural compound homoharringtonine presents broad antiviral activity in vitro and in vivo","volume":"10","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.11.010","article-title":"A screen of the NIH Clinical Collection small molecule library identifies potential anti-coronavirus drugs","volume":"114","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-019-8514-z","article-title":"Anti-varicella-zoster virus activity of cephalotaxine esters in vitro","volume":"57","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Microbiol"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104786","article-title":"Remdesivir, lopinavir, emetine, and homoharringtonine inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro","volume":"178","author":"Choy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.3390\/v12060642","article-title":"Potential antiviral options against SARS-coV-2 infection","volume":"12","author":"Ianevski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6700","article-title":"Natural products and their derivatives against coronavirus: A review of the non-clinical and pre-clinical data","volume":"34","author":"Islam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-021-2093-2","article-title":"Homo-harringtonine, highly effective against coronaviruses, is safe in treating COVID-19 by nebulization","volume":"65","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci China Life Sci"},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18811","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-21984-w","article-title":"Elucidating host cell response pathways and repurposing therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses","volume":"12","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00187-21","article-title":"Coronavirus porcine epidemic diarrhea virus nucleocapsid protein interacts with p53 to induce cell cycle arrest in S-phase and promotes viral replication","volume":"95","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.14.1.399","article-title":"Control of translation initiation in animals","volume":"14","author":"Gray","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20131530","article-title":"A unique phosphorylation-dependent eIF4E assembly on 40S ribosomes co-ordinated by hepatitis C virus protein NS5A that activates internal ribosome entry site translation","volume":"462","author":"Panda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v7020739","article-title":"eIF4E as a control target for viruses","volume":"7","author":"Montero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.602649","article-title":"Murine norovirus 1 (MNV1) replication induces translational control of the host by regulating eIF4E activity during infection","volume":"290","author":"Royall","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-967184","article-title":"Effect of cantharidin, cephalotaxine and homoharringtonine on \u201cin vitro\u201d models of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) replication","volume":"73","author":"Romero","year":"2007","journal-title":"Planta Med"},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.3390\/v11100964","article-title":"Novel antiviral activities of obatoclax, emetine, niclosamide, brequinar, and homoharringtonine","volume":"11","author":"Andersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01467-12","article-title":"Inhibition of chikungunya virus replication by harringtonine, a novel antiviral that suppresses viral protein expression","volume":"57","author":"Kaur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.08.002","article-title":"Mitomycin C induces fibroblasts apoptosis and reduces epidural fibrosis by regulating miR-200b and its targeting of RhoE","volume":"765","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41374-020-0404-9","article-title":"PI3K-Akt-mTOR\/PFKFB3 pathway mediated lung fibroblast aerobic glycolysis and collagen synthesis in lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"100","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-020-02150-2","article-title":"Homoharringtonine inhibits fibroblasts proliferation, extracellular matrix production and reduces surgery-induced knee arthrofibrosis via PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR pathway-mediated apoptosis","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1002-4379.2003.03.003","article-title":"An experimental research on inhibitory effect of homoharringtonine on fibrin proliferation","author":"Chao","year":"2003","journal-title":"China J Chin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1002-4379.2005.03.004","article-title":"The clinical study of homenarringnine on inhibited traumatic proliferative vitreoretinopathy","author":"Peng Chao","year":"2005","journal-title":"China J Chin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02172969","article-title":"Inhibition of intraocular proliferation by homoharringtonine","volume":"226","author":"Li","year":"1988","journal-title":"Exp study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B145","article-title":"Effects of homoharringtonine on proliferation of human retro-ocular fibroblasts","author":"Zhenmei","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Of West China Univ Of Med Sci"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02896186","article-title":"Effect of homoharringtonine on the corneal haze after excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy in rabbits","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1672-5123.2005.04.022","article-title":"Hemoharringtonine in preventing Haze after PRK","author":"Baowen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int Eye Sci"},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1002-4379.2001.04.008","article-title":"A clinial trial of homoharringtonine as an adjunctive agent of filtering surgery in patients with refractory glaucoma","author":"Keming","year":"2001","journal-title":"China J Chin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-00435-y","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and microglial activation in Alzheimer disease: where do we go from here","volume":"17","author":"Leng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.19149","article-title":"miR-122-SOCS1-JAK2 axis regulates allergic inflammation and allergic inflammation-promoted cellular interactions","volume":"8","author":"Noh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-013-1758-5","article-title":"Homoharringtonine in combination with cytarabine and aclarubicin in the treatment of refractory\/relapsed acute myeloid leukemia: a single-center experience","volume":"92","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359ra129","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf3735","article-title":"Homoharringtonine (omacetaxine mepesuccinate) as an adjunct for FLT3-ITD acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"8","author":"Lam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-023-01437-1","article-title":"Venetoclax combined with azacitidine and homoharringtonine in relapsed\/refractory AML: A multicenter, phase 2 trial","volume":"16","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000356742","article-title":"Homoharringtonine combined with cytarabine to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia in myeloid blast crisis and its impact on bone marrow CD34+CD7+ cells","volume":"132","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Haematol"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2000.18.20.3513","article-title":"Homoharringtonine and low-dose cytarabine in the management of late chronic-phase chronic myelogenous leukemia","volume":"18","author":"Kantarjian","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11620","article-title":"Results of triple therapy with interferon-alpha, cytarabine, and homoharringtonine, and the impact of adding imatinib to the treatment sequence in patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia in early chronic phase","volume":"98","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.22398","article-title":"Phase I\/II study of subcutaneous homoharringtonine in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia who have failed prior therapy","volume":"109","author":"Quint\u00e1s-Cardama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-008-0805-8","article-title":"A phase II study of continuous infusion homoharringtonine and cytarabine in newly diagnosed patients with chronic myeloid leukemia: CALGB study 19804","volume":"63","author":"Stone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother Pharmacol"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-011-9820-4","article-title":"High-dose homoharringtonine versus standard-dose daunorubicin is effective and safe as induction and post-induction chemotherapy for elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia: a multicenter experience from China","volume":"29","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Oncol"},{"key":"B160","article-title":"Homoharringtonine in combination with cytarabine for patients with acute myelogenous leukemia","volume":"6","author":"Feldman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"B161","article-title":"Homoharringtonine is safe and effective for patients with acute myelogenous leukemia","volume":"6","author":"Feldman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpo.1177","article-title":"A phase II study of Homoharringtonine for the treatment of children with refractory or recurrent acute myelogenous leukemia: a pediatric oncology group study","volume":"37","author":"Bell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Pediatr Oncol"},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-019-02085-z","article-title":"Comparison of efficacy of HCAG and FLAG re-induction chemotherapy in acute myeloid leukemia patients of low- and intermediate-risk groups","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Transl Oncol"},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32534","article-title":"Sorafenib and omacetaxine mepesuccinate as a safe and effective treatment for acute myeloid leukemia carrying internal tandem duplication of Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3","volume":"126","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-020-02383-x","article-title":"Comparison of efficacy of HCAG and CAG re-induction chemotherapy in elderly low- and intermediate-risk group patients diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Transl Oncol"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.26386","article-title":"Optimization of idarubicin and cytarabine induction regimen with homoharringtonine for newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia patients based on the peripheral blast clearance rate: A single-arm, phase 2 trial (RJ-AML 2014)","volume":"97","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13738","article-title":"Sorafenib plus triplet therapy with venetoclax, azacitidine and homoharringtonine for refractory\/relapsed acute myeloid leukemia with FLT3-ITD: A multicenter phase 2 study","volume":"295","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70152-9","article-title":"Homoharringtonine-based induction regimens for patients with de-novo acute myeloid leukaemia: a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"14","author":"Jin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20975","article-title":"Phase I\/II trial of adding semisynthetic homoharringtonine in chronic myeloid leukemia patients who have achieved partial or complete cytogenetic response on imatinib","volume":"103","author":"Marin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B170","article-title":"Prolonged chronic phase in chronic myelogenous leukemia after homoharringtonine therapy","volume":"122","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2011.635859","article-title":"Effect of homoharringtonine on bone marrow CD34 + CD117 + cells in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia","volume":"53","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2013.03.020","article-title":"Subcutaneous omacetaxine mepesuccinate in patients with chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia previously treated with 2 or more tyrosine kinase inhibitors including imatinib","volume":"13","author":"Cortes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.23408","article-title":"Phase 2 study of subcutaneous omacetaxine mepesuccinate for chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia patients resistant to or intolerant of tyrosine kinase inhibitors","volume":"88","author":"Cortes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-03-415307","article-title":"Phase 2 study of subcutaneous omacetaxine mepesuccinate after TKI failure in patients with chronic-phase CML with T315I mutation","volume":"120","author":"Cortes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2014.889826","article-title":"Omacetaxine mepesuccinate in patients with advanced chronic myeloid leukemia with resistance or intolerance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors","volume":"56","author":"Khoury","year":"2015","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25318","article-title":"A phase II study of omacetaxine mepesuccinate for patients with higher-risk myelodysplastic syndrome and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia after failure of hypomethylating agents","volume":"94","author":"Short","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"B177","article-title":"Homoharringtonine in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and MDS evolving to acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"10","author":"Feldman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecc.12065","article-title":"A phase II open-label study of the intravenous administration of homoharringtonine in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Daver","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Care (Engl)"},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10428190903096719","article-title":"Effect of low-dose cytarabine, homoharringtonine and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor priming regimen on patients with advanced myelodysplastic syndrome or acute myeloid leukemia transformed from myelodysplastic syndrome","volume":"50","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1672-2353.2012.03.003","article-title":"Comparison of homoharringtonine and daunorubicin cardiotoxicity in adults with acute promyelocytic leukemia","volume":"16","author":"Kaiqi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Med Pract"},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2014.12.012","article-title":"Homoharringtonine increases intestinal epithelial permeability by modulating specific claudin isoforms in Caco-2 cell monolayers","volume":"89","author":"Watari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Biopharm"},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2022.04.067","article-title":"Homoharringtonine is a transdermal granular permeation enhancer","volume":"616","author":"Watari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.09.031","article-title":"Co-delivery of homoharringtonine and doxorubicin boosts therapeutic efficacy of refractory acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"327","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"B184","article-title":"Homoharringtonine delivered by high proportion PEG of long- circulating liposomes inhibits RPMI8226 multiple myeloma cells in vitro and in vivo","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S105543","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of magnetic Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles coloaded with homoharringtonine on human leukemia cells in vivo and in vitro","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2016.1275670","article-title":"Preparation and in vivo safety evaluations of antileukemic homoharringtonine-loaded PEGylated liposomes","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Dev Ind Pharm"},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2022.04.014","article-title":"Co-delivery of daunorubicin and homoharringtonine in folic acid modified-liposomes for enhancing therapeutic effect on acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"112","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2019.10539","article-title":"Homoharringtonine enhances the effect of imatinib on chronic myelogenous leukemia cells by downregulating ZFX","volume":"20","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7534\/j.issn.1009-2137.2016.06.018","article-title":"Effects of homoharringtonine combined with imatinib on K562 cell apoptosis and BCL6 expression","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7534\/j.issn.1009-2137.2017.01.013","article-title":"Effect of homoharringtonine combined with imatinib on the K562\/G01 cells and its mechanism","volume":"25","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zhongguo Shi Yan Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-013-0836-9","article-title":"Homoharringtonine contributes to imatinib sensitivity by blocking the EphB4\/RhoA pathway in chronic myeloid leukemia cell lines","volume":"31","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Oncol"},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-018-0624-2","article-title":"Past, present, and future of Bcr-Abl inhibitors: from chemical development to clinical efficacy","volume":"11","author":"Rossari","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2019.7412","article-title":"Homoharringtonine promotes BCR\u2212ABL degradation through the p62\u2212mediated autophagy pathway","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1203354","article-title":"Tandem-duplicated Flt3 constitutively activates STAT5 and MAP kinase and introduces autonomous cell growth in IL-3-dependent cell lines","volume":"19","author":"Hayakawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-05-024018","article-title":"Activation mechanisms of STAT5 by oncogenic Flt3-ITD","volume":"110","author":"Choudhary","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2021.114538","article-title":"Homoharringtonine synergizes with quizartinib in FLT3-ITD acute myeloid leukemia by targeting FLT3-AKT-c-Myc pathway","volume":"188","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"B197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2019.07.008","article-title":"Abivertinib, a novel BTK inhibitor: Anti-Leukemia effects and synergistic efficacy with homoharringtonine in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"461","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2019.02.016","article-title":"Homoharringtonine combined with the heat shock protein 90 inhibitor IPI504 in the treatment of FLT3-ITD acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Oncol"},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9005804","article-title":"Synergistic lethality effects of apatinib and homoharringtonine in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"2022","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Oncol"},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/3766428","article-title":"Homoharringtonine synergized with gilteritinib results in the downregulation of myeloid cell leukemia-1 by upregulating UBE2L6 in FLT3-ITD-mutant acute myeloid (Leukemia) cell lines","volume":"2021","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J\u00a0Oncol"},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3722","article-title":"Control of apoptosis by the BCL-2 protein family: implications for physiology and therapy","volume":"15","author":"Czabotar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2015.17","article-title":"Thirty years of BCL-2: translating cell death discoveries into novel cancer therapies","volume":"16","author":"Delbridge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.692497","article-title":"The basic research of the combinatorial therapy of ABT-199 and homoharringtonine on acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"11","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03497-2","article-title":"Homoharringtonine is synergistically lethal with BCL-2 inhibitor APG-2575 in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"20","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-021-01952-w","article-title":"AML1\/ETO and its function as a regulator of gene transcription via epigenetic mechanisms","volume":"40","author":"Rejeski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.913","article-title":"Homoharringtonine combined with aclarubicin and cytarabine synergistically induces apoptosis cells and triggers caspase-3-mediated cleavage of the AML1-ETO oncoprotein","volume":"5","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-018-0624-1","article-title":"Homoharringtonine synergy with oridonin in treatment of t (8, 21) acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7534\/j.issn.1009-2137.2018.02.007","article-title":"Effects of triptolide combined with homoharringtonine on proliferation and apoptosis of KG-1\u03b1 Cells","volume":"26","author":"Xin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Exp Hematol"},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7534\/j.issn.1009-2137.2016.06.007","article-title":"Combination of homoharringtonine with arsenic trioxide induces apoptosis of human acute myeloid leukemia cell line U937","volume":"24","author":"Ping JX","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Exp Hematol"},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2019.02.008","article-title":"Homoharringtonine potentiates the antileukemic activity of arsenic trioxide against acute myeloid leukemia cells","volume":"376","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Cell Res"},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-019-1295-8","article-title":"Synergistic killing effects of homoharringtonine and arsenic trioxide on acute myeloid leukemia stem cells and the underlying mechanisms","volume":"38","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2015.05.018","article-title":"Study on the effect and mechanism of HL-60 cell apoptosis induced by matrine combined with homoharringtonine","volume":"36","author":"Qiaoyan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin J Hematol"},{"key":"B213","article-title":"Effect of homoharringtonine combined with AG490 on JAK2-STAT5 associated signal pathway in HEL cells","volume":"19","author":"Yanling","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Exp Hematol"},{"key":"B214","article-title":"Omacetaxine mepesuccinate\u2013a semisynthetic formulation of the natural antitumoral alkaloid homoharringtonine, for chronic myelocytic leukemia and other myeloid Malignancies","volume":"11","author":"Quint\u00e1s-Cardama","year":"2008","journal-title":"IDrugs"},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6603265","article-title":"A phase I dose-finding and pharmacokinetic study of subcutaneous semisynthetic homoharringtonine (ssHHT) in patients with advanced acute myeloid leukaemia","volume":"95","author":"L\u00e9vy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2021.101288","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of an innovative BS-HH-002 drug on pancreatic cancer cells via induction of complete MCL-1 degradation","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Oncol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2025.1522273\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T06:23:00Z","timestamp":1738218180000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2025.1522273\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]},"references-count":216,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2025.1522273"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2025.1522273","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-943X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]},"article-number":"1522273"}}