{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T16:31:51Z","timestamp":1757608311489,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009572","name":"Health and Family Planning Commission of Gansu","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Qiang Dong"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Qiang Dong"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009572","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022817","name":"Lanzhou University Second Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Wei Kang, Xitong Liu, Qiang Dong, Miaomiao Feng"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Wei Kang, Xitong Liu, Qiang Dong, Miaomiao Feng"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022817","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004775","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Wei Kang, Anle Duan"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Wei Kang, Anle Duan"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004775","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) originating from intracranial sites are exceedingly rare. Here, we present the case of a 29-year-old female with intracranial NEC coexisting with a pituitary adenoma (PA). The patient\u2019s symptoms included intermittent headaches, visual impairment, and endocrine abnormalities. Imaging studies revealed a large lobulated mass in the left frontal lobe and a mass lesion in the sellar region. Laboratory investigations indicated elevated levels of prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH). Surgical resection of the frontal lobe tumor was performed initially, followed by neuroendoscopic transsphenoidal resection of the sellar lesion. The case underscores the diagnostic complexity of intracranial NEC due to its nonspecific clinical and radiological manifestations. Surgery remains the primary treatment modality, with adjunctive radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Further research is essential to enhance diagnostic accuracy and refine treatment strategies for intracranial NEC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1572068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T04:12:34Z","timestamp":1756872754000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intracranial neuroendocrine carcinoma with coexisting pituitary adenoma: a case report and comprehensive literature review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miaomiao","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xintong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anle","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beiyan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianjun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yawen","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-021-09676-z","article-title":"Challenges in high-grade neuroendocrine neoplasms and mixed neuroendocrine\/non-neuroendocrine neoplasms","volume":"32","author":"La Rosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2024.05.002","article-title":"Molecular subtypes of neuroendocrine carcinomas: A cross-tissue classification framework based on five transcriptional regulators","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2990.2000.00257.x","article-title":"Intracranial carcinoid without evidence of extracranial disease","volume":"26","author":"Porter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12155138","article-title":"A comprehensive review on neuroendocrine neoplasms: Presentation, pathophysiology and management","volume":"12","author":"Sultana","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2019.12.002","article-title":"Immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis and classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms: What can brown do for you","volume":"96","author":"Bellizzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/his.13943","article-title":"SATB2 in neuroendocrine neoplasms: Strong expression is restricted to well-differentiated tumours of lower gastrointestinal tract origin and is most frequent in merkel cell carcinoma among poorly differentiated carcinomas","volume":"76","author":"Bellizzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-08140-9","article-title":"Role of synaptophysin, chromogranin and CD56 in adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the lung lacking morphological features of neuroendocrine differentiation: A retrospective large-scale study on 1170 tissue samples","volume":"21","author":"Kriegsmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.01.001","article-title":"SATB2 is a promising biomarker for identifying a colorectal origin for liver metastatic adenocarcinomas","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ebiomedicine"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-023-09755-3","article-title":"Diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive role of Ki67 proliferative index in neuroendocrine and endocrine neoplasms: Past, present, and future","volume":"34","author":"La Rosa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800205","article-title":"The homeobox intestinal differentiation factor CDX2 is selectively expressed in gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas","volume":"17","author":"Kaimaktchiev","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2013.1121","article-title":"PAX8 is a novel marker for differentiating between various types of tumor, particularly ovarian epithelial carcinomas","volume":"5","author":"Xiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/pas.0b013e3182a0218f","article-title":"GATA3: A multispecific but potentially useful marker in surgical pathology a systematic analysis of 2500 epithelial and nonepithelial tumors","volume":"38","author":"Miettinen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.22151","article-title":"Histopathological analysis of central nervous system metastases: Six years of data from a tertiary center","volume":"14","author":"Tas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13061247","article-title":"Neuroendocrine carcinomas with atypical proliferation index and clinical behavior: A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Feola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj-cm.2024.14.35.42378","article-title":"Primary brain neuroendocrine carcinoma: A case report","volume":"14","author":"Soumiya","year":"2024","journal-title":"PAMJ Clin Med"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000040996","article-title":"Primary intracranial neuroendocrine tumor at the sphenoid ridge with metastasis to the spinal cord: A case report","volume":"103","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1672-6731.2020.03.009","article-title":"Yao yong. Clinical analysis of six cases with metastatic carcinoma in sellar region","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Chin J Contemp Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.735655","article-title":"Xanthomatous hypophysitis: A case report and comprehensive literature review","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.619161","article-title":"Case report and literature review: Ectopic thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenoma in the suprasellar region","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inat.2021.101448","article-title":"A unique case of the co-existence of two different brain tumors in one patient","volume":"27","author":"Ladak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Interdiscip Neurosurg"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000539850","article-title":"Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of rare concurrent intracranial meningioma and oligodendroglioma","volume":"17","author":"Shoushtari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Case Rep Oncol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/endoabs.110.EP1139","article-title":"A rare case of pituitary adenoma co-secreting ACTH and GH","volume":"110","author":"El","year":"2025","journal-title":"Endocr Abstr"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnac010","article-title":"Clinical biology of the pituitary adenoma","volume":"43","author":"Melmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1323883","article-title":"Pathogenesis, clinical features, and treatment of plurihormonal pituitary adenoma","volume":"17","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01848-7","article-title":"Tumor initiation and early tumorigenesis: Molecular mechanisms and interventional targets","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-022-09708-2","article-title":"Overview of the 2022 WHO classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms","volume":"33","author":"Rindi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.19103","article-title":"Grade 3 neuroendocrine tumor (G3NET): An unusual tumor with a histochemical surprise","volume":"13","author":"Singhal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000109","article-title":"Automated quantification of ki-67 index associates with pathologic grade of pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors","volume":"132","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.908953","article-title":"Unusual sites of high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas: A case series and review of the literature","volume":"19","author":"Watson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-018-0548-2","article-title":"CDX2 in colorectal cancer is an independent prognostic factor and regulated by promoter methylation and histone deacetylation in tumors of the serrated pathway","volume":"10","author":"Graule","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Epigenet"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2016-0243-RS","article-title":"SATB2 as an immunohistochemical marker for colorectal adenocarcinoma: A concise review of benefits and pitfalls","volume":"141","author":"Berg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4240\/wjgs.v17.i6.107086","article-title":"Long-term survival with multimodal treatment including conversion surgery for locally advanced esophageal neuroendocrine carcinoma: A case report","volume":"17","author":"Okamoto","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Surg"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13050307","article-title":"Current landscape of cancer immunotherapy: Harnessing the immune arsenal to overcome immune evasion","volume":"13","author":"Mitra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mric.2023.06.004","article-title":"Clinical value of hybrid PET\/MRI: Brain imaging using PET\/MRI","volume":"31","author":"Kas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin N Am"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18231\/j.agems.2023.013","article-title":"Applications of PET\/MRI in prostate cancer","volume":"10","author":"Tamijeselvan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Geriatr Educ Med Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2025.1572068\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T04:12:36Z","timestamp":1756872756000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2025.1572068\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2025.1572068"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2025.1572068","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2234-943X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"article-number":"1572068"}}