{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T03:07:12Z","timestamp":1785553632170,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The accuracy of dose delivery in radiotherapy is paramount to maximize tumor control while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of gamma index validation in the treatment of cancerous tumors using Monte Carlo simulations with GAMOS and GATE codes on a Varian medical linear accelerator. By leveraging the MC method\u2019s robust statistical capabilities, the precision of dose distributions in external radiotherapy is aimed to be enhanced. The study specifically evaluates the effects of different field sizes and percentage depth dose (PDD) to provide a thorough validation framework.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The GAMOS and GATE codes were implemented to simulate dose distributions within various phantom models, including water and anthropomorphic phantoms. These simulations were conducted using a Varian linear accelerator with a 6 and 12 megavoltage photon beams. The dose distributions obtained from the simulations were then compared against those calculated by the treatment planning system (TPS) using the gamma index method with 3%\/3mm criteria.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results demonstrated a high degree of accuracy in the simulated dose distributions, with gamma index pass rates exceeding 94% for most configurations. The comparative analysis between GAMOS and GATE showed consistent performance, with minor deviations attributable to differences in the underlying simulation algorithms. Furthermore, the study revealed significant insights into the impact of varying field sizes on dose distribution accuracy. The PDD analysis indicated that both GAMOS and GATE could reliably reproduce the TPS-calculated dose profiles, with deviations within clinically acceptable limits. These findings underscore the potential of MC simulations to improve the accuracy and reliability of radiotherapy treatment plans. By validating the gamma index for different field sizes and PDD, this study provides a robust framework for enhancing treatment efficacy and patient safety in clinical practice. The integration of GAMOS and GATE in routine clinical workflows could lead to more precise and individualized radiotherapy treatments, ultimately improving patient outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1573166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T05:34:09Z","timestamp":1755668049000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Enhancing dosimetric precision in the treatment of cancerous tumors: Gamma Index validation and Monte Carlo simulations of 6 and 12 megavoltage photon beams from Varian Medical linear accelerators"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ali H. 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