{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T18:41:22Z","timestamp":1767206482445,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018703","name":"HORIZON EUROPE European Innovation Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018703","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Urothelial carcinoma (UC) accounts for more than 90% of all bladder cancers both in humans and dogs. Human and canine UC share many genetic mutations and tumor markers and clinical and therapeutic interventions. The unmet clinical needs are similar such as the early detection and treatment of the high-grade residual disease responsible for tumor recurrence and progression. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of the \u03b15\u03b21 integrin and its specificity in high-grade UC in humans and dogs, a marker recently reported in the human bladder\n                      <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                      carcinoma and murine model of orthotopic bladder cancer.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Expression of integrin \u03b15\u03b21 was established by immunohistochemistry in 67 human bladder samples [four non-tumor tissues, 10 low-grade, 10 intermediate-grade, and 43 high-grade non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC)] and 12 canine bladder tumor specimens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The \u03b15\u03b21 integrin was not expressed by urothelial cells in the conditions of inflammatory cystitis, actinic cystitis, benign hyperplasia, and low\/intermediate grade NMIBC; it was identified as a specific marker expressed only by the malignant cells in the urothelium in 81% of human and all canine high-grade NMIBC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The expression of \u03b15\u03b21 integrin is a specific marker of high-grade UC located in the urothelium of humans and dogs and might be tested for targeted delivery of contrast agents or drugs. Given the close similarity between high-grade UC in humans and dogs, basic research in the two species and comparative data analysis could strengthen the prospects for rapid development of an improved clinical strategy for the identification and treatment of the small neoplastic lesions responsible for residual high-grade in both species.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1590073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T00:10:24Z","timestamp":1748391024000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High-grade non-muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma in dogs and humans share specific expression of integrin 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