{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T14:57:56Z","timestamp":1788965876932,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>High mobility group protein 1 (HMGB1) is a highly conserved chromatin-associated protein that is widely found in eukaryotic cells. Studies have shown that HMGB1 plays an important role in the development and progression of urological malignancies. As a classical damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), HMGB1 usually acts as a DNA chaperone in the nucleus. In response to external stimuli, HMGB1 is actively secreted by immune cells and can also be passively released into the extracellular space from necrotic cells. By interacting with various signaling pathways and receptors, HMGB1 can induce immune system activation and participate in carcinogenesis, metastasis and angiogenesis. This review systematically summarizes the role of recent research progress of HMGB1 in carcinogenesis, progression, prognosis and potential clinical applications of different urological malignancies, providing reference for the diagnosis and treatment of urological malignancies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1593157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T04:14:14Z","timestamp":1756872854000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Mechanism of action of HMGB1 in urologic malignancies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Dandan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lanlan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingqing","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaorong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1973.tb03026.x","article-title":"A new group of chromatin-associated proteins with a high content of acidic and basic amino acids","volume":"38","author":"Goodwin","year":"1973","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.10.055","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of V(D)J recombination from synaptic RAG1-RAG2 complex structures","volume":"163","author":"Ru","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.06.027","article-title":"Reconstitution of 5\u2032-directed human mismatch repair in a purified system","volume":"122","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2011.44.9.601","article-title":"HMGB1 regulates autophagy through increasing transcriptional activities of JNK and ERK in human myeloid leukemia cells","volume":"44","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMB Rep"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2018.02.011","article-title":"High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) operates as an alarmin outside as well as inside cells","volume":"38","author":"Andersson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"B6","article-title":"Receptor for advanced glycation end products-binding COOH-terminal motif of amphoterin inhibits invasive migration and metastasis","volume":"62","author":"Huttunen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2013.25","article-title":"The multifunctional alarmin HMGB1 with roles in the pathophysiology of sepsis and cancer","volume":"91","author":"Diener","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03402105","article-title":"Structural basis for the proinflammatory cytokine activity of high mobility group box 1","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-1953","article-title":"Masquerader: high mobility group box-1 and cancer","volume":"13","author":"Ellerman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/915234","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory activity of HMGB1 A box is enhanced when fused with C-terminal acidic tail","volume":"2010","author":"Gong","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Biomed Biotechnol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.013","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation","volume":"144","author":"Hanahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-022-00736-w","article-title":"The mechanism of HMGB1 secretion and release","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2006.08.034","article-title":"The evolution of High Mobility Group Box (HMGB) chromatin proteins in multicellular animals","volume":"387","author":"Sessa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1996.0369","article-title":"The active gene that encodes human high mobility group 1 protein (HMG1) contains introns and maps to chromosome 13","volume":"35","author":"Ferrari","year":"1996","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4781(93)90303-U","article-title":"A retropseudogene for non-histone chromosomal protein HMG - 1","volume":"1172","author":"\u0160tros","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) - Gene Struct Expression"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4781(01)00243-3","article-title":"The human HMGB1 promoter is modulated by a silencer and an enhancer-containing intron","volume":"1520","author":"Lum","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) - Gene Struct Expression"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj20021646","article-title":"Physical interaction of tumour suppressor p53\/p73 with CCAAT-binding transcription factor 2 (CTF2) and differential regulation of human high-mobility group 1 (HMG1) gene expression","volume":"371","author":"Uramoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.12.4.462","article-title":"High mobility group protein-1 (HMG - 1) is a unique activator of p53","volume":"12","author":"Jayaraman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-023-00894-6","article-title":"The multifunctional protein HMGB1: 50 years of discovery","volume":"23","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2009.09.008","article-title":"HMGB proteins: Interactions with DNA and chromatin","volume":"1799","author":"\u0160tros","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) - Gene Regul Mech"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20071613","article-title":"A critical role in structure-specific DNA binding for the acetylatable lysine residues in HMGB1","volume":"411","author":"Assenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.2000.01450.x","article-title":"HMG1 protein stimulates DNA end joining by promoting association of DNA molecules via their ends","volume":"267","author":"\u0160tros","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Biochem"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a022143","article-title":"High mobility group proteins 1 and 2 can function as DNA-binding regulatory components for DNA-dependent protein kinase In Vitro","volume":"124","author":"Yumoto","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Biochem"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2013.08.002","article-title":"M\u00e9nage \u00e0 Trois in stress: DAMPs, redox and autophagy","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evt188","article-title":"Complex tissue-specific patterns and distribution of multiple RAGE splice variants in different mammals","volume":"5","author":"L\u00f3pez-D\u00edez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Biol Evol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.43.25752","article-title":"The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a cellular binding site for amphoterin","volume":"270","author":"Hori","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2009.11.014","article-title":"High-mobility group box 1 and cancer","volume":"1799","author":"Tang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) - Gene Regul Mech"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/760498","article-title":"Autophagy in pancreatic cancer","volume":"2012","author":"Grasso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Cell Biol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2015.09.022","article-title":"The role of S100 proteins and their receptor RAGE in pancreatic cancer","volume":"1852","author":"Leclerc","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) - Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.12.1.393","article-title":"A CONSERVED SIGNALING PATHWAY: the drosophila toll-dorsal pathway","volume":"12","author":"Belvin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000002042.04","article-title":"HMGB1 promotes tumor progression and invasion through HMGB1\/TNFR1\/NF-\u03baB axis in castration-resistant prostate cancer","volume":"11","author":"Jung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Cancer Res"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1391","article-title":"Toll-like receptor signalling","volume":"4","author":"Akira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2012.064642","article-title":"Impaired clearance of apoptotic cells leads to HMGB1 release in the bone marrow of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes and induces TLR4-mediated cytokine production","volume":"98","author":"Velegraki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2010.94","article-title":"TLR4-mediated skin carcinogenesis is dependent on immune and radioresistant cells","volume":"29","author":"Mittal","year":"2010","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"B35","article-title":"Significance of TLR4\/MyD88 expression in breast cancer","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12601","article-title":"High-mobility group box 1 protein orchestrates responses to tissue damage via inflammation, innate and adaptive immunity, and tissue repair","volume":"280","author":"Bianchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.01.023","article-title":"Extracellular, but not intracellular HMGB1, facilitates self-DNA induced macrophage activation via promoting DNA accumulation in endosomes and contributes to the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis","volume":"65","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2021.166184","article-title":"Extracellular HMGB1 augments macrophage inflammation by facilitating the endosomal accumulation of ALD-DNA via TLR2\/4-mediated endocytosis","volume":"1867","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) - Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/415536a","article-title":"Th1-specific cell surface protein Tim-3 regulates macrophage activation and severity of an autoimmune disease","volume":"415","author":"Monney","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1148536","article-title":"Promotion of tissue inflammation by the immune receptor tim-3 expressed on innate immune cells","volume":"318","author":"Anderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200939274","article-title":"TIM - 3 is expressed on activated human CD4+ T cells and regulates Th1 and Th17 cytokines","volume":"39","author":"Hastings","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307671","article-title":"Tim-3 fosters HCC development by enhancing TGF-\u03b2-mediated alternative activation of macrophages","volume":"64","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0224-6","article-title":"TIM3 comes of age as an inhibitory receptor","volume":"20","author":"Wolf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-020-00920-3","article-title":"High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1): a pivotal regulator of hematopoietic Malignancies","volume":"13","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2009.11.008","article-title":"HMGB1: Roles in base excision repair and related function","volume":"1799","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) - Gene Regul Mech"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13402-019-00477-5","article-title":"HMGB1: an overview of its versatile roles in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer","volume":"43","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Oncol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/JP9.0000000000000002","article-title":"The dual role of HMGB1 in pancreatic cancer","volume":"1","author":"Kang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pancreatol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2009-0269OC","article-title":"High-mobility group box 1\u2013mediated matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in non\u2013small cell lung cancer contributes to tumor cell invasiveness","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep29914","article-title":"Tumour hypoxia promotes melanoma growth and metastasis via High Mobility Group Box-1 and M2-like macrophages","volume":"6","author":"Huber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-013-1288-8","article-title":"HMGB1 combining with tumor-associated macrophages enhanced lymphangiogenesis in human epithelial ovarian cancer","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tumor Biol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S73366","article-title":"High mobility group box-1 and its clinical value in breast cancer","volume":"8","author":"Shanping Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"OTT"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e110626","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110626","article-title":"The association of HMGB1 expression with clinicopathological significance and prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma: A meta-analysis and literature review","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.5340","article-title":"HMGB1 knockdown effectively inhibits the progression of rectal cancer by suppressing HMGB1 expression and promoting apoptosis of rectal cancer cells","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20120189","article-title":"Mutually exclusive redox forms of HMGB1 promote cell recruitment or proinflammatory cytokine release","volume":"209","author":"Venereau","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-13-0495","article-title":"HMGB1 in cancer: good, bad, or both","volume":"19","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.675731","article-title":"High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) induces toll-like receptor 4-mediated production of the immunosuppressive protein galectin-9 in human cancer cells","volume":"12","author":"Teo Hansen Seln\u00f8","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29663","article-title":"High mobility group protein B1 controls liver cancer initiation through yes-associated protein -dependent aerobic glycolysis","volume":"67","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI128261","article-title":"HMGB1 links chronic liver injury to progenitor responses and hepatocarcinogenesis","volume":"129","author":"Hernandez","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20070679","article-title":"RAGE signaling sustains inflammation and promotes tumor development","volume":"205","author":"Gebhardt","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-010-9224-5","article-title":"Hypoxia, inflammation, and the tumor microenvironment in metastatic disease","volume":"29","author":"Finger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25572","article-title":"High-mobility group box 1 activates caspase-1 and promotes hepatocellular carcinoma invasiveness and metastases","volume":"55","author":"Yan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114886","article-title":"Nuclear HMGB1 is critical for CD8 T cell IFN-\u03b3 production and anti-tumor immunity","volume":"43","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S253772","article-title":"&lt;p<HMGB1 in radiotherapy: A two headed signal regulating tumor radiosensitivity and immunity&lt;\/p<","volume":"13","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"OTT"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2010.121","article-title":"Synergistic anti-tumor effects between oncolytic vaccinia virus and paclitaxel are mediated by the IFN response and HMGB1","volume":"18","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gene Ther"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7254.2007.00669.x","article-title":"Growth suppression and radiosensitivity increase by HMGB1 in breast cancer","volume":"28","author":"Jiao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2010.225","article-title":"HMGB1-induced autophagy promotes chemotherapy resistance in leukemia cells","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0511-6","article-title":"Cancer-cell-secreted CXCL11 promoted CD8+ T cells infiltration through docetaxel-induced-release of HMGB1 in NSCLC","volume":"7","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26976","article-title":"Hepatocyte-specific high-mobility group box 1 deletion worsens the injury in liver ischemia\/reperfusion: A role for intracellular high-mobility group box 1 in cellular protection","volume":"59","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.12.015","article-title":"Intracellular hmgb1 inhibits inflammatory nucleosome release and limits acute pancreatitis in mice","volume":"146","author":"Kang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.20544","article-title":"HMGB1: The jack-of-all-trades protein is a master DNA repair mechanic","volume":"48","author":"Lange","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Carcinogene"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.33972","article-title":"HMGB1 promotes prostate cancer development and metastasis by interacting with brahma-related gene 1 and activating the akt signaling pathway","volume":"9","author":"Lv","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2018.4420","article-title":"High mobility group box 1 promotes the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer PC3 cells via the RAGE\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3727\/096504015X14267282610858","article-title":"Suppression of cellular proliferation and invasion by HMGB1 knockdown in bladder urothelial carcinoma cells","volume":"22","author":"Liao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncol Res"},{"key":"B74","article-title":"Expression of HMGB1\/RAGE protein in renal carcinoma and its clinical significance","volume":"8","author":"Qie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2017.6965","article-title":"HMGB1\u2212mediated autophagy confers resistance to gemcitabine in hormone\u2212independent prostate cancer cells","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2020.109631","article-title":"HMGB1 release promotes paclitaxel resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells via activating c-Myc expression","volume":"72","author":"Lei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Signalling"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02388-6","article-title":"Correction: THBS2\u2009+\u2009cancer-associated fibroblasts promote EMT leading to oxaliplatin resistance via COL8A1-mediated PI3K\/AKT activation in colorectal cancer","volume":"24","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010254","article-title":"Role of metastasis-related genes in cisplatin chemoresistance in gastric cancer","volume":"21","author":"Nishiguchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1523097","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2018.1523097","article-title":"Priming anti-tumor immunity by radiotherapy: Dying tumor cell-derived DAMPs trigger endothelial cell activation and recruitment of myeloid cells","volume":"8","author":"Krombach","year":"2019","journal-title":"OncoImmunology"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S239243","article-title":"&lt;p<Inhibition of HMGB1 overcomes resistance to radiation and chemotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma&lt;\/p<","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"OTT"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.10111","article-title":"Downregulation of high mobility group box 1 enhances the radiosensitivity of non\u2212small cell lung cancer by acting as a crucial target of microRNA\u2212107","volume":"22","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2022.8412","article-title":"HMGB1 promotes the development of castration\u2212resistant prostate cancer by regulating androgen receptor activation","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/or.10.6.1863","article-title":"Amphoterin induction in prostatic stromal cells by androgen deprivation is associated with metastatic prostate cancer","volume":"10","author":"Kuniyasu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.18796","article-title":"HMGB1 promotes myeloid-derived suppressor cells and renal cell carcinoma immune escape","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9040414","article-title":"Undesirable status of prostate cancer cells after intensive inhibition of AR signaling: post-AR era of CRPC treatment","volume":"9","author":"Makino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.9b00251","article-title":"Glycyrrhizin attenuates the process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by modulating HMGB1 initiated novel signaling pathway in prostate cancer cells","volume":"67","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.23107","article-title":"Verbascoside inhibits the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of prostate cancer cells through high-mobility group box 1\/receptor for advanced glycation end-products\/TGF-\u03b2 pathway","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2023.2173422","article-title":"Gankyrin-mediated interaction between cancer cells and tumor-associated macrophages facilitates prostate cancer progression and androgen deprivation therapy resistance","volume":"12","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"OncoImmunology"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15085","article-title":"HMGB1 induction of clusterin creates a chemoresistant niche in human prostate tumor cells","volume":"5","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-2446","article-title":"Blocking the feedback loop between neuroendocrine differentiation and macrophages improves the therapeutic effects of enzalutamide (MDV3100) on prostate cancer","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17197247","article-title":"The impact of HMGB1 polymorphisms on prostate cancer progression and clinicopathological characteristics","volume":"17","author":"Chou","year":"2020","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2012.11277.x","article-title":"Overexpression of high mobility group box 1 with poor prognosis in patients after radical prostatectomy","volume":"110","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-023-00744-3","article-title":"Global trends in the epidemiology of bladder cancer: challenges for public health and clinical practice","volume":"20","author":"van Hoogstraten","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.23040","article-title":"Increased expression of HMGB1 is associated with poor prognosis in human bladder cancer","volume":"106","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09603271231161606","article-title":"Glutathione S-transferase zeta 1 alters the HMGB1\/GPX4 axis to drive ferroptosis in bladder cancer cells","volume":"42","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgt375","article-title":"Epigenetic inactivation of ITIH5 promotes bladder cancer progression and predicts early relapse of pT1 high-grade urothelial tumours","volume":"35","author":"Rose","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOU.0b013e3282c4afa0","article-title":"The value of bladder-conserving strategies in muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma compared with radical surgery","volume":"17","author":"Merseburger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Urol"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-15-0581","article-title":"The role of HMGB1 in radioresistance of bladder cancer","volume":"15","author":"Shrivastava","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Ther"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685.e11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.03.025","article-title":"A novel diagnostic tool for the detection of bladder cancer: Measurement of urinary high mobility group box-1","volume":"38","author":"Benlier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urol Oncol"},{"key":"B101","first-page":"3","article-title":"Points that merit consideration in the diagnosis of retinoblastoma","volume":"5","author":"Mao","year":"1989","journal-title":"Yan Ke Xue Bao"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3233\/CBM-160611","article-title":"Serum levels of HMGB1 have a diagnostic role in metastatic renal cell cancer","volume":"17","author":"Karg\u0131","year":"2016","journal-title":"CBM"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28142","article-title":"microRNA-505 negatively regulates HMGB1 to suppress cell proliferation in renal cell carcinoma","volume":"234","author":"Zhong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1735134","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2025.1593157\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T10:56:51Z","timestamp":1764673011000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2025.1593157\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"references-count":103,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2025.1593157"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2025.1593157","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-943X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"article-number":"1593157"}}