{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:16:59Z","timestamp":1791231419175,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vulvar ectopic breast fibroadenoma (EBF) is an exceptionally rare benign neoplasm that lacks distinctive clinical or radiological features rendering pre-operative differentiation from other vulvar masses challenging. Definitive diagnosis requires histopathological confirmation. Two non-exclusive histogenetic hypotheses have been proposed: (1) derivation from ectopic breast tissue along the embryonic \u201cmilk line,\u201d (2) origin from hormonally responsive anogenital mammary-like glands with latent potential for benign or malignant transformation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title><jats:p>A 41-year-old woman presented with an incidentally discovered, slowly enlarging, painless right vulvar mass. Ultrasonography revealed a well-circumscribed hypoechoic nodule. Complete surgical excision was performed, and histopathological evaluation\u2014including immunohistochemistry for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, GATA3, and p63\u2014confirmed ectopic breast fibroadenoma. No recurrence was detected at 3-month follow-up.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite its rarity, vulvar EBF must be considered in the differential diagnosis of vulvar masses in reproductive-age women. En-bloc excision is curative; however, long-term surveillance is warranted to monitor for hormone-driven recurrence or malignant evolution.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1602250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T04:19:31Z","timestamp":1758082771000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ectopic breast fibroadenoma of the vulva: a case report"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yixiao","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuzhu","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yushuang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000009887","article-title":"Unilateral ectopic breast tissue on vulva in postpartum woman: A case report","volume":"97","author":"Baradwan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.5070\/D339N411B8","article-title":"Pseudomamma on the foot: an unusual presentation of supernumerary breast tissue","volume":"12","author":"Conde","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dermatol Online J"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181af672d","article-title":"Ectopic breast fibroadenoma of the vulva","volume":"114","author":"Lucas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obstetrics Gynecology"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020920104574","article-title":"Fibroadenoma of the vulva. 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