{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T05:22:21Z","timestamp":1761628941980,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop a model based on computed tomography (CT) images to differentiate between grade 3 (G3) pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) and pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma (pNECs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective study included patients with pathologically confirmed pNETs and pNECs who underwent abdominal CT examinations at JINCHENG GENERAL Hospital between June 2012 and June 2023. Tumor and peri-tumor CT characteristics were assessed, including peri-tumor areas A (0\u201310 mm) and B (10\u201320 mm) during the arterial and portal venous phases of dynamic enhancement. A model was established using binary logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 42 patients were included: 20 with G3 pNETs and 22 with pNECs. The ROC analysis showed that the combination of the arterial phase CT ratio B1, portal venous phase CT ratio B2, pancreatic duct invasion (PDI), peripancreatic fat infiltration (PFI), and abnormal vascular network (AVN) [area under the ROC curve (AUC)=0.970 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.927-1.000), sensitivity=95.50%, and specificity=90.00%] exhibited a better performance in identifying G3 pNETs and pNECs than the combination of the arterial phase CT ratio B1 and the portal venous phase CT ratio B2 [AUC = 0.907 (95% CI: 0.818-0.996), sensitivity=77.30%, and specificity=95.00%], and the combination of arterial phase CT ratio B1, portal venous phase CT ratio B2, and AVN [AUC = 0.923 (95% CI: 0.810-1.000), sensitivity=81.80%, and specificity=85.00%].<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The enhancement ratio between the tumor and peri-tumoral B area in the arterial and portal venous phases, along with AVN, PFI, and PDI, may serve as effective indicators for distinguishing pNECs from G3 pNETs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1616763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T05:18:02Z","timestamp":1761628682000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differentiation between G3 pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor and pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma based on intratumor and peritumor CT value ratio and abnormal vascular network"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Chaoyang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-018-1574-4","article-title":"Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor: review of heterogeneous spectrum of CT appearance","volume":"43","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol (NY)"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13099","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13099","article-title":"Clinicopathological and molecular profile of grade 3 gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms","volume":"34","author":"Taboada","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14051119","article-title":"Update on epidemiology, diagnosis, and biomarkers in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms","volume":"14","author":"Takayanagi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2019.05.462","article-title":"Cystic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: A distinctive subgroup with indolent biological behavior? 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