{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T07:04:01Z","timestamp":1792479841524,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ganglioneuromas are rare, benign tumors arising from neuroblastic cells in the autonomic sympathetic nervous system. While generally considered indolent, limited case reports suggest their potential for regional metastasis. This retrospective study analyzed the clinical, demographic, and pathological features of 25 adult patients diagnosed with ganglioneuroma at Bursa Uludag University, Faculty of Medicine, between April 2007 and November 2023. The cohort comprised 18 females (72%) and seven males (28%), with a median age of 42 years (range: 19\u201379). Tumors were most commonly located in the abdomen (64%), followed by the thoracic (24%) and head and neck regions (12%), with the adrenal gland being the primary site in 32% of cases. Symptoms were present in 56% of patients, including pain, vision loss, hypertension, and palpable masses, while the remaining were asymptomatic. Surgical resection was performed in 92% of cases, with a median tumor size of 7.5 cm (1.5\u201318 cm). Median follow-up time was 88.3(16.2 - 217.8) months. Regional lymph node metastases were identified in 8% of patients, but no distant metastases or recurrences were observed during follow-up. These findings, including the novel observation of regional metastases, contribute valuable insights to the limited literature on ganglioneuromas. Despite its benign nature, this study highlights the potential for lymph node metastasis. However, the relationship between lymph node metastasis and recurrence has not been documented. In this context, further research is essential to better understand the risk factors, tumorigenesis, and the optimal management strategies for this rare tumor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1632294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T05:30:54Z","timestamp":1767591054000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ganglioneuroma has a potential for lymph node metastasis, not impacting recurrence"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ender Eren","family":"Ozcelik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmet Bilgehan","family":"Sahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yagmur","family":"Karaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Buket","family":"Erkan Ozmarasali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulviye","family":"Yalcinkaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erdem","family":"Cubukcu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adem","family":"Deligonul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Turkkan","family":"Evrensel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-021-02129-5","article-title":"Composite phaeochromocytomas-a systematic review of published literature","volume":"407","author":"Dhanasekar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Langenbeck\u2019s Arch Surg"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-017-9484-5","article-title":"Update on adrenal tumours in 2017 world health organization (WHO) of endocrine tumours","volume":"28","author":"Lam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v5.i10.373","article-title":"Adrenal ganglioneuroma: What you need to know","volume":"5","author":"Mylonas","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J Clin cases"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12398","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.12398","article-title":"Adrenal ganglioneuroma: A rare tumor of the autonomic nervous system","volume":"12","author":"Burroughs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14297","article-title":"Ganglioneuromas across age groups: Systematic review of individual patient data","volume":"94","author":"Fliedner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-014-0226-y","article-title":"Incidental ganglioneuromas: a presentation of 14 surgical cases and literature review","volume":"38","author":"Spinelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000547075","article-title":"Adrenal incidentaloma masquerading as Malignancy: A rare case of ganglioneuroma with nodal metastasis","volume":"18","author":"Memon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Case Rep Oncol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jcrt.jcrt_2280_22","article-title":"Adrenal ganglioneuroma with retroperitoneal lymph node metastasis: A rare scenario","volume":"20","author":"Kamboj","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Ther"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1710901115","article-title":"MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma maintains an aggressive and undifferentiated phenotype by deregulation of estrogen and NGF signaling","volume":"115","author":"Dzieran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1566385","article-title":"Case Report: Malignant transformation of ganglioneuroma in the rectovaginal septum to Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor based on neurofibromas","volume":"15","author":"Xi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200212010-00019","article-title":"Rhabdomyosarcoma arising from a dormant dumbbell ganglioneuroma of the lumbar spine: A case report","volume":"27","author":"Kimura","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2350\/14-01-1433-CR.1","article-title":"Ectomesenchymoma with embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma and ganglioneuroma, arising in association with benign triton tumor of the tongue","volume":"17","author":"VandenHeuvel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Dev Pathol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(20010515)91:10<1905::AID-CNCR1213>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"Metabolic activity and clinical features of primary ganglioneuromas","volume":"91","author":"Geoerger","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-016-3630-y","article-title":"Clinicopathological features of ganglioneuroma originating from the adrenal glands","volume":"40","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Surg"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-021-03134-4","article-title":"Retroperitoneal ganglioneuroma with nodal involvement in an adult patient with human immunodeficiency virus: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"15","author":"Lebby","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2024.07.128","article-title":"Adrenal ganglioneuroma with nodal metastases on 123I-MIBG SPECT\/CT and 18F-FDG PET\/CT","volume":"19","author":"Tsukamoto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Radiol Case Rep"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.11.057","article-title":"et al: Effects of defined mixtures of POPs and endocrine disruptors on the steroid metabolome of the human H295R adrenocortical cell line","volume":"218","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-018-0174-8","article-title":"et al: Revisiting the role of the pathological grading in pediatric adrenal cortical tumors: results from a national cohort study with pathological review","volume":"32","author":"Picard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.10773","article-title":"Adrenal ganglioneuroma: Prognostic factors (Review)","volume":"22","author":"Sandru","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-021-01085-7","article-title":"DNA methylation profiling for molecular classification of adult diffuse lower-grade gliomas","volume":"13","author":"Ferreyra Vega","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Epigenet"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2025.1632294\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T05:30:55Z","timestamp":1767591055000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2025.1632294\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"references-count":20,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2025.1632294"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2025.1632294","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-943X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"article-number":"1632294"}}