{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T21:37:25Z","timestamp":1793655445940,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82405165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82405165"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study evaluates global burden, disparities, and trends of female cancers (breast, cervical, uterine, ovarian) from 1990 to 2021, and identifies key contributing factors and intervention strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD,1990\u20132021) Study and recent reports were analyzed to assess incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) across 204 countries stratified by Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Regression and spatiotemporal analyses explored links with risk factors (e.g., obesity, HPV) and healthcare access.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Breast cancer dominated the burden, with age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) rising by 28% (2.08 million new cases in 2021), driven by lifestyle factors (high BMI, alcohol use) and showing a strong connection with higher SDI (r=0.82). Cervical cancer remained a critical challenge in low- and middle-income regions, showing a strong negative correlation with SDI(r = -0.75), though Age-Standardized Mortality Rate (ASMR) declined globally (-1.4% annual change). Uterine cancer incidence rose steadily (0.7% annual increase; 473,614 cases in 2021), primarily attributable to obesity, while ovarian cancer mortality remained high (207,000 deaths) due to late diagnosis. Key modifiable risks included HPV infection (85% of cervical cancers), tobacco use, and reproductive behaviors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The global burden of female cancers presents a significant public health challenge. Disparities in female cancer burden reflect inequities in healthcare access and rising metabolic risks. Priority actions include HPV vaccination, low-cost screening, and obesity control. Equity-focused, data-informed policies are crucial to reduce global disparities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1633894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T11:37:56Z","timestamp":1754912276000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Global burden of cancer in women, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis from the GBD 2021 study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yun","family":"Mao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yebo","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongjie","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuihui","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhixun","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beier","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shijie","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: globocan estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03502-3","article-title":"Global patterns and trends in breast cancer incidence and mortality across 185 countries","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-025-03688-1","article-title":"Exploring the role of cervicovaginal microbiota as risk factor for cervical cancer in sub-saharan africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis: by","volume":"25","author":"Ajah","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102524","article-title":"Equity impact of hpv vaccination on lifetime projections of cervical cancer burden among cohorts in 84 countries by global, regional, and income levels 2010-22: a modelling study","volume":"70","author":"Abbas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eclinicalmedicine."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34199","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of cytology and hpv-related biomarkers for anal cancer screening among different risk groups","volume":"151","author":"Clarke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Cancer."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2024.0001","article-title":"The potential of wearable devices in cancer care delivery","volume":"10","author":"Hawley","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2023.4837","article-title":"Global stage distribution of breast cancer at diagnosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Benitez","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2018.03.017","article-title":"Changes in overall diet quality in relation to survival in postmenopausal women with breast cancer: results from the women\u2019s health initiative","volume":"118","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(21)00240-0","article-title":"National Cancer Grid of India. 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