{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:52:10Z","timestamp":1790297530647,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Juvenile granulosa cell tumor (jGCT) is a rare subtype of pure sex-cord tumors, mostly affecting patients under 20 years of age. As this tumor originates from ovarian cells specialized in sex steroid secretion, jGCT can present with endocrine disorders, including precocious puberty in prepubertal girls or menstrual irregularities in postpubertal patients. In other cases, jGCT may manifest with symptoms related to pelvic mass effects or acute abdomen, prompting urgent gynecologic or surgical evaluation. Most patients are diagnosed with ovarian-confined disease, and for these patients, the survival rates exceed 90% following surgery alone. However, advanced and relapsed disease remains a significant concern. As the survival rates for cancer continue to improve, addressing survivorship care is essential. Long-term follow-up for patients diagnosed with jGCT in childhood requires a multidisciplinary approach. We hereby describe a clinical case of jGCT diagnosed in an infant girl for whom a comprehensive multidisciplinary care plan was arranged. Through a comprehensive review of the literature, we developed a clinically applicable flowchart for the multidisciplinary management of jGCT at diagnosis and during follow-up, emphasizing the need for patient-centered care that integrates the work of oncologists, endocrinologists, surgeons, gynecologists, and geneticists.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1634166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T05:14:29Z","timestamp":1763961269000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Management of ovarian granulosa cell tumor in childhood: a case report and recommendations for a multidisciplinary approach"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Sofia Maria Carlotta","family":"Arnaboldi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Gattuso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Laura","family":"Nicolosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Molinari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura Rachele","family":"Bettini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Leva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Passoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Chiappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Daolio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana Cristina","family":"Balduzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maura","family":"Massimino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Terenziani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Cattoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-003-0869-0","article-title":"Ovarian sex cord-Stromal tumors\u2013a clinicopathological study of 72 cases from the kiel pediatric tumor registry","volume":"443","author":"Schneider","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virchows Archiv: Int J Pathol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0b013e318196a70e","article-title":"Ovarian juvenile granulosa cell tumors in infants","volume":"31","author":"Leyva-Carmona","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematology\/Oncology"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1200\/JOP.2016.016261","article-title":"Ovarian sex cord-Stromal tumors","volume":"12","author":"Schultz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Oncol Pract"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2017.10.007","article-title":"Ovarian sex-cord stromal tumours and small cell tumours: pathological, genetic and management aspects","volume":"120","author":"Boussios","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncology\/Hematology"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29017","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.29017","article-title":"Consensus recommendations from the EXPeRT\/PARTNER groups for the diagnosis and therapy of sex cord stromal tumors in children and adolescents","volume":"68","author":"Schneider","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-017-0604-7","article-title":"Pediatric gynecologic cancers","volume":"19","author":"Pommert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Oncol Rep"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0b013e31824e3867","article-title":"Management of ovarian and testicular sex cord-stromal tumors in children and adolescents","volume":"34","author":"Schultz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematology\/Oncology"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.3109\/08880018909034304","article-title":"Oncologic causes of precocious puberty","volume":"6","author":"Perilongo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2003.05.038","article-title":"Ovarian sex cord\u2013Stromal tumors in children and adolescents","volume":"21","author":"Schneider","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ijgc-2018-000083","article-title":"Outcomes of fertility-sparing surgery in ovarian juvenile granulosa cell tumor","volume":"29","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Gynecological Cancer: Off J Int Gynecological Cancer Soc"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13878","article-title":"Cancer of the ovary, fallopian tube, and peritoneum: 2021 update","volume":"155","author":"Berek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Gynecology Obstetrics"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.22676","article-title":"Transformation of peripheral sexual precocity to central sexual precocity following treatment of granulosa cell tumor of the ovary","volume":"14","author":"Gaikwad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-023-01494-0","article-title":"Central precocious puberty secondary to peripheral precocious puberty due to a pineal germ cell tumor: A case and review of literature","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Endocrine Disord"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-3089","article-title":"DICER1 and associated conditions: identification of at-risk individuals and recommended surveillance strategies","volume":"24","author":"Schultz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Research: Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-0629","article-title":"PTEN, DICER1, FH, and their associated tumor susceptibility syndromes: clinical features, genetics, and surveillance recommendations in childhood","volume":"23","author":"Schultz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/97.4.523","article-title":"Ovarian juvenile granulosa cell tumor associated with maffucci\u2019s syndrome","volume":"97","author":"Tanaka","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19840401)53:7<1605::aid-cncr2820530731>3.0.co;2-n","article-title":"Enchondromatosis (Ollier\u2019s disease) and ovarian juvenile granulosa cell tumor","volume":"53","author":"Tamimi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181da213e","article-title":"Neonatal anthropometric charts: the italian neonatal study compared with other european studies","volume":"51","author":"Bertino","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.21775","article-title":"Neonatal bilateral ovarian sex cord stromal tumors","volume":"52","author":"Capito","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.14768","article-title":"Case of fetal ovarian juvenile granulosa cell tumor: complications and management","volume":"47","author":"Ben David","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Obstetrics Gynaecology Res"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00186886","article-title":"Ollier\u2019s disease with secondary chondrosarcoma associated with ovarian tumour. A case report","volume":"15","author":"Asirvatham","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int Orthopaedics"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.galenos.2021.2021.0039","article-title":"Precocious pseudo-puberty in a two-year-old girl, presenting with bilateral ovarian enlargement and progressing to unilateral juvenile granulosa cell tumour","volume":"14","author":"Barakizou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"key":"B23","article-title":"Advanced stage ovarian juvenile granuloza cell tumor causing acute abdomen: A case report","volume":"17","author":"Bedir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Iranian Med"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12614","article-title":"Cancer of the ovary, fallopian tube, and peritoneum","volume":"143","author":"Berek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Gynecology Obstetrics"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem.2004.17.4.679","article-title":"Pseudo-Precocious puberty caused by a juvenile granulosa cell tumour secreting androstenedione, inhibin and insulin-like growth factor-I","volume":"17","author":"Chan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metabolism: JPEM"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1097\/00006250-198602000-00020","article-title":"Cisplatin, vinblastine, and bleomycin combination chemotherapy in metastatic granulosa cell tumor of the ovary","volume":"67","author":"Colombo","year":"1986","journal-title":"Obstetrics Gynecology"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1096-911x(200004)34:4<301::aid-mpo22>3.0.co;2-d","article-title":"Severe hypercalcemia in association with a juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the ovary","volume":"34","author":"Daubenton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med Pediatr Oncol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2021319","DOI":"10.23750\/abm.v92i4.11572","article-title":"A rare case of ovarian juvenile granulosa cell tumor in an infant with isosexual pseudo puberty and a revision of literature","volume":"92","author":"De Sanctis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Bio-Medica: Atenei Parmensis"},{"key":"B29","article-title":"Precocious pseudopuberty due to ovarian causes","volume":"51","author":"Dhivyalakshmi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1097\/00043426-200203000-00015","article-title":"Successful multimodality therapy of recurrent multifocal juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the ovary","volume":"24","author":"Erdreich-Epstein","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematology\/Oncology"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/s1083-3188(98)70135-4","article-title":"Juvenile granulosa cell tumor in a 13-Year-Old girl with enchondromatosis (Ollier\u2019s disease): A case report","volume":"11","author":"Gell","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecology"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.107870","article-title":"Juvenile granulosa cell tumor presenting as isosexual precocious puberty: A case report and review of literature","volume":"17","author":"Haroon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gyobfe.2004.02.009","article-title":"Early isosexual precocious pseudopuberty revealing a juvenile granulosa cell tumor in a six-year-old girl","volume":"32","author":"Kdous","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gynecologie Obstetrique Fertilite"},{"key":"B34","article-title":"Juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the ovary. A case report","volume":"84","author":"Kdous","year":"2006","journal-title":"La Tunisie Medicale"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.25037","article-title":"Fine-needle aspiration cytology of juvenile granulosa cell tumour: A case report with summary of prior published cases","volume":"50","author":"Khatun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagn Cytopathology"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08880010490272966","article-title":"Galactorrhea-associated granulosa cell tumor in a child","volume":"21","author":"Koksal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4067\/S0370-41062017000600792","article-title":"Granulosa cell ovarian tumor: precocious puberty in infant less than 1 year of age. Case report","volume":"88","author":"Lacourt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Chil Pediatria"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03344167","article-title":"Unusual presentation of juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the ovary","volume":"29","author":"Larizza","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Endocrinological Invest"},{"key":"B39","article-title":"Ollier\u2019s disease and juvenile ovarian granulosa tumor","volume":"48","author":"Le Gall","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Francaises Pediatrie"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2019.02.012","article-title":"A rare case of uterine torsion with juvenile granulosa cell tumor in the pediatric patient","volume":"128","author":"Mohapatra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvaa159","article-title":"An unusual cause of secondary amenorrhea in an adolescent: expanding the differential","volume":"4","author":"Okawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Endocrine Soc"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e938249","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.938249","article-title":"A 12-year-old girl with juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the ovary, presenting with adolescent hyperprolactinemia, galactorrhea, and amenorrhea","volume":"24","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.2000.6098","article-title":"Management of recurrent juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the ovary","volume":"81","author":"Powell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gynecologic Oncol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.1996.4563","article-title":"Management of advanced juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the ovary","volume":"64","author":"Powell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gynecologic Oncol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198769020-00016","article-title":"The Malignant potential of enchondromatosis","volume":"69","author":"Schwartz","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surgery"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3476(96)70040-9","article-title":"Immunoreactive inhibin, m\u00fcllerian inhibitory substance, and activin as biochemical markers for juvenile granulosa cell tumors","volume":"129","author":"Silverman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1053\/beem.2002.0184","article-title":"Putative effects of endocrine disrupters on pubertal development in the human","volume":"16","author":"Teilmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-837607","article-title":"Juvenile granulosa cell tumour (JGCT) of the ovary in a 6-Year-Old girl: laparoscopic resection achieves long-Term oncological success","volume":"15","author":"Till","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr Surgery: Off J Austrian Assoc Pediatr Surg \u2026 [et Al] = Z Fur Kinderchirurgie"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3476(86)80936-2","article-title":"Ollier disease (Enchondromatosis) associated with ovarian juvenile granulosa cell tumor and precocious pseudopuberty","volume":"108","author":"Vaz","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19880701)62:1<222::aid-cncr2820620134>3.0.co;2-w","article-title":"Ollier\u2019s disease associated with ovarian juvenile granulosa cell tumor","volume":"62","author":"Velasco-Oses","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2046","DOI":"10.1002\/cnr2.2046","article-title":"Identification of prognostic factors and construction of nomogram to predict cancer-specific survival for patients with ovarian granulosa cell tumors","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Rep (Hoboken N.J.)"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsc.2017.05.006","article-title":"Virilization and abdominal mass in a newborn female: A case report","volume":"22","author":"Drucker","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.44.235.291","article-title":"Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls","volume":"44","author":"Marshall","year":"1969","journal-title":"Arch Dis Childhood"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0012","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of precocious pubertal development in Denmark: an epidemiologic study based on national registries","volume":"116","author":"Teilmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1025","article-title":"Central precocious puberty in children living in Spain: incidence, prevalence, and influence of adoption and immigration","volume":"95","author":"Soriano-Guill\u00e9n","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00380-0","article-title":"Causes, diagnosis, and treatment of central precocious puberty","volume":"4","author":"Latronico","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.70","article-title":"Control of puberty onset and fertility by gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons","volume":"12","author":"Herbison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/s1695-4033(04)78445-3","article-title":"Ovarian granulosa cell tumors: an unusual cause of precocious thelarche","volume":"61","author":"Tenorio Romojaro","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anales Pediatria (Barcelona Spain: 2003)"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3468(97)90029-4","article-title":"Juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the ovary in infants: A clinicopathologic study of three cases and review of the literature","volume":"32","author":"Bouffet","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B60","article-title":"Granulosa cell tumor in a six-year-old girl presented as precocious puberty","volume":"15","author":"Hashemipour","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Res Med Sciences: Off J Isfahan Univ Med Sci"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2024.109546","article-title":"Vaginal bleeding imitated rape in a 6-year old girl, a case report about granulosa cell tumor as a reason of peripheral precocious puberty","volume":"117","author":"Amirkashani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.galenos.2022.2022-4-17","article-title":"Juvenile granulosa cell tumor mimicking HAIR-AN in a 4-Year-Old: A case report","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13224-019-01243-1","article-title":"Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary accompanying with ollier\u2019s disease: first case of contralateral presentations","volume":"70","author":"Jalaeefar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Obstetrics Gynaecology India"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03008916211052332","article-title":"Treating rare tumors with the assistance of the expert virtual consultation system: two cases of juvenile granulosa cell tumors","volume":"107","author":"Hovsepyan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tumori"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08880018.2020.1850953","article-title":"Extraovarian juvenile granulosa cell tumor in a prepubertal child: novel location of a rare tumor","volume":"38","author":"User","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70493-7","article-title":"Central Precocious Puberty in Girls: Internal Genitalia before, during, and after Treatment with Long-Acting Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Analogues","volume":"132","author":"Jensen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2002.21.11.1237","article-title":"Ovarian and uterine findings in pelvic sonography: comparison between prepubertal girls, girls with isolated thelarche, and girls with central precocious puberty","volume":"21","author":"Herter","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01573755","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157375","article-title":"A Validated Normative Model for Human Uterine Volume from Birth to Age 40 Years. A cura di Cornelis B Lambalk","volume":"11","author":"Kelsey","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-71-4-785","article-title":"Clinical review 14: pathophysiology and treatment of sexual precocity","volume":"71","author":"Kaplan","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.940656","article-title":"Case report: Fluctuating tumor markers in a boy with gonadotropin-releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty induced by a pineal germ cell tumor","volume":"10","author":"Cattoni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1159\/000184639","article-title":"Central precocious puberty following feminizing right ovarian granulosa cell tumor","volume":"44","author":"Kukuvitis","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hormone Res"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1159\/000023189","article-title":"An association of hypothalamic hamartoma, central precocious puberty and juvenile granulosa cell tumour in early childhood","volume":"49","author":"Feilberg J\u00f8rgensen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hormone Res"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/pr.2013.e13","article-title":"Central precocious puberty and granulosa cell ovarian tumor in an 8-year old female","volume":"5","author":"Calcaterra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Rep"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0000000000000238","article-title":"Hormone replacement therapy after treatment for a gynaecological Malignancy","volume":"28","author":"O\u2019Donnell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Obstetrics Gynecology"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdy001","article-title":"Non-epithelial ovarian cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"29","author":"Ray-Coquard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1988.6.6.990","article-title":"Juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the ovary in children: A clinical study of 15 cases","volume":"6","author":"Vassal","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2020.100730","article-title":"Hormonal replacement therapy in adolescents and young women with chemo- or radio-induced premature ovarian insufficiency: practical recommendations","volume":"45","author":"Cattoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Rev"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G9","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-22-0073","article-title":"Pubertal induction and transition to adult sex hormone replacement in patients with congenital pituitary or gonadal reproductive hormone deficiency: an Endo-ERN clinical practice guideline","volume":"186","author":"Nordenstr\u00f6m","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2011.04.021","article-title":"Medico-Legal observations concerning a mortal case of granulosa cell tumor of the ovary in an 8-Month-Old infant","volume":"46","author":"Paternoster","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.5279","article-title":"Imaging of gynecological disease (3): clinical and ultrasound characteristics of granulosa cell tumors of the ovary","volume":"31","author":"Van Holsbeke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstetrics Gynecology: Off J Int Soc Ultrasound Obstetrics Gynecology"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.27504","article-title":"Imaging in gynecological disease (27): clinical and ultrasound characteristics of recurrent ovarian stromal cell tumors","volume":"63","author":"Moro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstetrics Gynecology: Off J Int Soc Ultrasound Obstetrics Gynecology"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2021.12.005","article-title":"Analysis of outcomes and prognostic factors after fertility-sparing surgery in patients with early stage juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the ovary: experience from a tertiary center","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecology"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000510810","article-title":"Gender dysphoria disrupting the course of treatment of a recurrent juvenile granulosa cell tumor in an adolescent female: A case report","volume":"13","author":"Kwiatkowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Rep Oncol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-04197-6_39","article-title":"Gonadal and Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumors, Sex Cord Stromal and Rare Gonadal Tumors","volume-title":"Rare Tumors In Children and Adolescents","author":"Schneider","year":"2012"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crwh.2024.e00580","article-title":"DICER1-related sertoli-leydig cell tumor and rhabdomyosarcoma: an evolving disease with a challenging clinical course and treatment: A case report","volume":"41","author":"Shero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Case Rep Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.1993.1019","article-title":"Management of advanced juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the ovary.","volume":"48","author":"Powell","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gynecologic Oncol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.1995.1165","article-title":"Successful liver treatment of a juvenile granulosa cell tumor in a 4-Year-Old child by regional deep hyperthermia, systemic chemotherapy, and irradiation","volume":"57","author":"Wessalowski","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gynecologic Oncol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2016.09.008","article-title":"Juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the ovary: A clinicopathologic study","volume":"30","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecology"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000001442","article-title":"Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the ovary and fallopian tube: rare neoplasms associated with germline and somatic DICER1 mutations","volume":"44","author":"McCluggage","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-828x.1985.tb00624.x","article-title":"Bilateral juvenile granulosa cell tumours associated with skeletal enchondromas","volume":"25","author":"Pounder","year":"1985","journal-title":"Aust New Z J Obstetrics Gynaecology"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2020.07.016","article-title":"Metachronous contralateral cystadenoma after ovariectomy for juvenile granulosa cell tumor in a young girl: an uncommon association","volume":"34","author":"Andreetta","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecology"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2021.06.008","article-title":"Coincidence of juvenile granulosa cell tumor and serous cystadenoma in a pediatric patient: case report and literature review","volume":"16","author":"Viet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiol Case Rep"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2021.1872534","article-title":"Fertility preservation in ovarian cancer patients","volume":"37","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gynecological Endocrinol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.11.041","article-title":"Fertility preservation in pre-Pubertal girls with cancer: the role of ovarian tissue cryopreservation","volume":"105","author":"Wallace","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertility Sterility"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2022.03.004","article-title":"A comparison of fertility preservation outcomes in patients who froze oocytes, embryos, or ovarian tissue for medically indicated circumstances: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"117","author":"N\u00ed Dhonnabh\u00e1in","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fertility Sterility"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0b013e318207cbf1","article-title":"Childhood ovarian juvenile granulosa cell tumor: A retrospective study with 3 cases including clinical features, pathologic results, and therapies","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematology\/Oncology"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1558079","article-title":"Statement by the kommission ovar of the AGO: the new FIGO and WHO classifications of ovarian, fallopian tube and primary peritoneal cancer","volume":"75","author":"Meinhold-Heerlein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geburtshilfe Und Frauenheilkunde"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35862","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.35862","article-title":"Ovarian juvenile granulosa cell tumor: A report from the international ovarian and testicular stromal tumor and international pleuropulmonary blastoma\/ DICER1 registries","volume":"131","author":"Harris","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30091-7","article-title":"ESGO\u2013SIOPE guidelines for the management of adolescents and young adults with non-epithelial ovarian cancers","volume":"21","author":"Sessa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0000000000000387","article-title":"Long-term remission in a female with multiple relapsed juvenile granulosa cell tumor","volume":"37","author":"Benesch","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematology\/Oncology"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2014.03.573","article-title":"Hormone therapy in ovarian granulosa cell tumors: A systematic review","volume":"134","author":"Van Meurs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gynecologic Oncol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1508054","article-title":"Germline mutations in predisposition genes in pediatric cancer","volume":"373","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25480","article-title":"The landscape of genomic alterations across childhood cancers","volume":"555","author":"Gr\u00f6bner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009231","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1009231","article-title":"Nationwide germline whole genome sequencing of 198 consecutive pediatric cancer patients reveals a high incidence of cancer prone syndromes","volume":"16","author":"Byrjalsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS Genet"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-717X-5-104","article-title":"Radio-induced Malignancies after breast cancer postoperative radiotherapy in patients with li-fraumeni syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Heymann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiat Oncol (London England)"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.75.5215","article-title":"TP53 germline variations influence the predisposition and prognosis of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children","volume":"36","author":"Qian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.61530","article-title":"Natural history of ollier disease and maffucci syndrome: patient survey and review of clinical literature","volume":"182","author":"El Abiad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet Part A"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1093273","article-title":"Ovarian juvenile granulosa cell tumors with ollier\u2019s disease in children with IDH1 gene somatic mutation","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-022-04033-5","article-title":"Juvenile granulosa cell tumor associated with ollier disease","volume":"52","author":"Littrell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2024.07.009","article-title":"A rare ovarian mixed sex cord stromal tumor in a patient with ollier disease: A case report","volume":"37","author":"Devins","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecology"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.4158\/EP09060.CRR","article-title":"Ambiguous genitalia in a newborn with 45,X\/46,X,Idic(Y) ovotesticular disorder of sex development","volume":"15","author":"Pascual","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrine Practice: Off J Am Coll Endocrinol Am Assoc Clin Endocrinologists"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2017.11.005","article-title":"Disorders of sex development","volume":"48","author":"Witchel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstetrics Gynaecology"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-014-1474-9","article-title":"Nasal chondromesenchymal hamartomas arise secondary to germline and somatic mutations of DICER1 in the pleuropulmonary blastoma tumor predisposition disorder","volume":"133","author":"Stewart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Genet"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10689-021-00264-y","article-title":"Surveillance recommendations for DICER1 pathogenic variant carriers: A report from the SIOPE host genome working group and canGene-canVar clinical guideline working group","volume":"20","author":"Bakhuizen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Familial Cancer"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/his.12747","article-title":"DICER\n             1 and FOXL 2 mutations in ovarian sex cord\u2013stromal tumours: A GINECO group study","volume":"68","author":"Goulvent","year":"2016","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.25845","article-title":"Juvenile granulosa cell ovarian tumor in a child with beckwith-wiedmann syndrome","volume":"63","author":"Lamas-Pinheiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2006.01.023","article-title":"Juvenile granulosa cell tumor of the ovary associated with tuberous sclerosis","volume":"102","author":"Guo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gynecologic Oncol"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/aam.aam_93_20","article-title":"Ovarian cell tumor in a child with neurofibromatosis type 1","volume":"21","author":"Qutub","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Afr Med"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(16)30249-2","article-title":"Biochemical and imaging surveillance in germline TP53 mutation carriers with li-fraumeni syndrome: 11 year follow-up of a prospective observational study","volume":"17","author":"Villani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(11)70119-X","article-title":"Biochemical and imaging surveillance in germline TP53 mutation carriers with li-fraumeni syndrome: A prospective observational study","volume":"12","author":"Villani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2017.0003","article-title":"NCCN guidelines insights: genetic\/familial high-risk assessment: breast and ovarian, version 2.2017","volume":"15","author":"Daly","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Cancer Network"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41431-020-0651-7","article-title":"Cancer surveillance guideline for individuals with PTEN hamartoma tumour syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Tischkowitz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2011-0200","article-title":"Incidence, predictive factors, and prognosis of chondrosarcoma in patients with ollier disease and maffucci syndrome: an international multicenter study of 161 patients","volume":"16","author":"Verdegaal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.62078","article-title":"Cancer surveillance in children with ollier disease and maffucci syndrome","volume":"185","author":"Diezi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet Part A"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2025.1634166\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T05:14:32Z","timestamp":1763961272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2025.1634166\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"references-count":124,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2025.1634166"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2025.1634166","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-943X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"article-number":"1634166"}}