{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T15:41:19Z","timestamp":1788536479588,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data on patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) with a family history of malignancy (FHM) and anticipation are limited. These patients provide an opportunity to study the responsible genes and clinical outcomes. There is no comprehensive report from the Middle East, where large family sizes and consanguineous marriages are common. Here, we report our observations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a retrospective, single-institution cohort study. Patients seen in the lymphoma clinics were comprehensively interviewed for FHM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We interviewed 1,274 lymphoma patients for FHM: 591 (46.4%) with NHL and 683 (53.6%) with HL; 745 (58.5%) were men. The median age was 32 years. Consanguineous marriages were reported in 9.1% (parents) and 9.2% (patients). Among them, 524 (41.1%) patients had no FHM, whereas 750 (58.9%) had FHM. Patients reported a total of first-, second-, and third-degree relatives and 1,249 relatives with 1,263 malignancies. In total, 254 patients reported family members with hematological malignancy only (131, 10.3%) or hematological plus solid malignancies (123, 9.7%), while 496 (38.9%) reported only solid cancers. In total, 254 patients identified 305 affected relatives: NHL, 67 (22%); HL, 70 (23%); lymphoma not otherwise specified (NOS), 30 (9.8%); leukemia, 111 (36.4%); and other hematological malignancies, 27 (8.5%). Relationship pairs (n = 305) included parent\/child (36), sibling\/sibling (54), sibling\/half-sibling (6), uncle\/aunt or nephew\/niece (46), grandparent\/grandchild (14), and patient\/cousin (59). These 305 disease pairs were: NHL\/NHL, 39 (12.8%); NHL\/lymphoma NOS, 17 (5.6%); NHL\/HL, 66 (21.6%); NHL\/leukemia, 47 (15.4%); NHL\/others, 4 (1.3%); HL\/HL, 51 (16.7%); HL\/lymphoma NOS, 13 (4.3%); HL\/leukemia, 64 (21%); and HL\/others, 4 (1.3%). Anticipation data were available for 92 pairs (63.3%); earlier age at diagnosis in the first generation (58 years) versus the second generation (24 years, p=&amp;lt;no&amp;gt;&amp;lt;&amp;lt;\/no&amp;gt; 0.001) was significant, even after correction for ascertainment bias.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In patients with NHL and HL, FHM is common, and anticipation was observed. Future studies should explore the genetic basis of these findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1639819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T04:15:59Z","timestamp":1757391359000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Risk of hematological malignancies and anticipation in the families of patients with non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphoma"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Saad","family":"Akhtar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Hassan","family":"Mushtaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huda","family":"Syed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tusneem Ahmed M.","family":"Elhassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meshari Jamaan","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M Shahzad","family":"Rauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud A","family":"Elshenawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irfan","family":"Maghfoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2008.07355.x","article-title":"Prevalence of familial Malignancy in a prospectively screened cohort of patients with lymphoproliferative disorders","volume":"143","author":"Brown","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.20189","article-title":"Familial aggregation of Hodgkin lymphoma and related tumors","volume":"100","author":"Goldin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-06-031948","article-title":"Family history of hematopoietic Malignancies and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL): a pooled analysis of 10 \u2013 211 cases and 11 \u2013 905 controls from the International Lymphoma Epidemiology Consortium (InterLymph)","volume":"109","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dji293","article-title":"Family history of hematopoietic Malignancy and risk of lymphoma","volume":"97","author":"Chang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-04-639781","article-title":"Risk of familial classical Hodgkin lymphoma by relationship, histology, age, and sex: a joint study from five Nordic countries","volume":"126","author":"Kharazmi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(20000515)88:10<2357::AID-CNCR21>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"The incidence of lymphoma in first-degree relatives of patients with Hodgkin disease and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: results and limitations of a registry-linked study","volume":"88","author":"Paltiel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10428190600724928","article-title":"Anticipation in families with Hodgkin\u2019s and non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma in their pedigree","volume":"47","author":"Alexandrescu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10428190109064598","article-title":"Apparent anticipation and heterogeneous transmission patterns in familial Hodgkin\u2019s and non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma: report from a study based on Swedish cancer database","volume":"42","author":"Shugart","year":"2001","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2017.1281412","article-title":"Nonrandom occurrence of lymphoid cancer types in 140 families","volume":"58","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29589","article-title":"Family history of cancer and risk of pediatric and adolescent Hodgkin lymphoma: A Children\u2019s Oncology Group study","volume":"137","author":"Linabery","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22624","article-title":"Family history of cancer in children with acute leukemia, Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma or non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma: the ESCALE study (SFCE)","volume":"121","author":"Rudant","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13053-021-00175-0","article-title":"Risk of hematological Malignancies in the families of patients treated for nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"19","author":"Akhtar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hered Cancer Clin Pract"},{"key":"B13","article-title":"Anticipation in familial Malignant hematologic diseases (epidemiologic observations)","volume":"143","author":"Jak\u00f3","year":"2002","journal-title":"Orvosi Hetilap"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2021.1948026","article-title":"Anticipation in multiple-case lymphoid cancer families after controlling for ascertainment biases","volume":"62","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-07-296475","article-title":"Anticipation in familial hematologic Malignancies","volume":"117","author":"Tegg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.epi-04-0783","article-title":"No evidence for anticipation in lymphoproliferative tumors in population-based samples","volume":"14","author":"Daugherty","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2000.01815.x","article-title":"Age of onset evidence for anticipation in familial non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma","volume":"108","author":"Wiernik","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4137\/tog.s4529","article-title":"Anticipation in families with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and other lymphoproliferative disorders","volume":"4","author":"Awan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans Oncogenom"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djj005","article-title":"Reliability of self-reported family history of cancer in a large case-control study of lymphoma","volume":"98","author":"Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02685903","article-title":"The influence of parental age and gender on anticipation in familial B-cell Malignancies","volume":"24","author":"Alexandrescu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med Oncol (Northwood London England)"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10428190310001602354","article-title":"Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma in siblings","volume":"45","author":"Campbell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2005.05672.x","article-title":"Clustering and anticipation for nodular lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin lymphoma within a French Basque kindred","volume":"130","author":"Bauduer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10428190500236502","article-title":"Familial nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma: Successful treatment with CHOP plus rituximab","volume":"46","author":"Unal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2012.43.5958","article-title":"High familial risk in nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"31","author":"Saarinen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.23482","article-title":"Looking for familial nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"88","author":"Merli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"B26","article-title":"Myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative disorders in Tasmania, 1972-80: occupational and familial aspects","volume":"72","author":"Giles","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e53888","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.53888","article-title":"Consanguineous marriage and its association with genetic disorders in Saudi Arabia: A review","volume":"16","author":"Khayat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s40246-024-00700-x","article-title":"Nationwide survey on awareness of consanguinity and genetic diseases in Saudi Arabia: challenges and potential solutions to reduce the national healthcare burden","volume":"18","author":"Yousef","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum Genomics"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17050907","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms in the transformation from indolent to aggressive B cell Malignancies","volume":"17","author":"Maher","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancers"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2025.1639819\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T04:16:00Z","timestamp":1757391360000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2025.1639819\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"references-count":29,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2025.1639819"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2025.1639819","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-943X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"article-number":"1639819"}}