{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:07:24Z","timestamp":1792087644084,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Aimed to evaluate the application value of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) based on three-dimensional (3D) printing technology for jaw reconstruction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study retrospectively analyzed 16 patients who underwent jaw reconstruction in the Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, from August 2019 to December 2023. A subsequent comparison was made between the effectiveness of free fibula flap (FFF) and PEEK schemes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 16 patients were included in this study. In the FFF group, six male and two female patients (mean age, 40.8 \u00b1 21.2 years) underwent jaw defect reconstruction successfully. However, one patient in this group required the removal of the titanium plate due to uncontrollable infection. In the PEEK group, which consisted of five men and three women (mean age, 56.3 \u00b1 12.6 years), six patients achieved satisfactory outcomes, including accurate jaw restoration and good occlusal function during follow-up, and were successfully discharged. However, two patients in this group experienced secondary infection, which necessitated the removal of the PEEK implants and subsequent salvage reconstruction using FFF. The operative time was significantly shorter in the PEEK group compared to the FFF group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05). Infection was identified as the primary cause of reconstruction failure in the PEEK group, for which FFF served as an effective salvage procedure. Although the PEEK group showed lower means in intraoperative blood loss, postoperative drainage, and reduction in Body Mass Index (BMI) compared to the FFF group, these differences did not reach statistical significance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>3D printing technology enables the fabrication of patient-specific PEEK implants with customized geometries. Owing to its stable biocompatibility, PEEK is suitable for reconstructing complex and irregular jaw defects. As a viable alternative for primary jaw reconstruction, it demonstrates promising clinical application prospects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1656914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T05:29:33Z","timestamp":1761715773000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["3D-printed PEEK versus conventional free fibula flap for jaw reconstruction: a comparative clinical study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Dongdong","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiwei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanming","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yining","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanchen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangyuan","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajie","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2019.03.018","article-title":"The use of patient specific polyetheretherketone implants for reconstruction of maxillofacial deformities","volume":"47","author":"J\u00e4rvinen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2023.107887","article-title":"Computational models and their applications in biomechanical analysis of mandibular reconstruction surgery","volume":"169","author":"Aftabi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B2100622","article-title":"Modification of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) physical features to improve osteointegration","volume":"23","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Zhejiang Univ Sci B"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2021.111726","article-title":"3D printing of PEEK and its composite to increase biointerfaces as a biomedical material- A review","volume":"203","author":"Oladapo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000003794","article-title":"Mixed reality and 3D printed models for planning and execution of face transplantation","volume":"274","author":"Cho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-022-02654-7","article-title":"Novel computer-aided reconstruction of soft tissue defects following resection of oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"20","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23853","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03331-7","article-title":"The role of folded fibular flap in patients\u2019 reconstruction of mandibular defects: a retrospective clinical study","volume":"11","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oraloncology.2022.106019","article-title":"Patient-reported outcomes and morbidity after head and neck reconstructions: An evaluation of fibular and scapular free flaps","volume":"132","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jormas.2020.11.002","article-title":"Digital navigation and 3D model technology in mandibular reconstruction with fibular free flap: A comparative study","volume":"122","author":"Ni","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s40729-023-00514-x","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the survival rate and postoperative infection rate of primary and secondary implants after vascularized fibula transplantation for reconstruction of jaw defects","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Implant Dent"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-023-03265-z","article-title":"Oral cavity-derived stem cells and preclinical models of jaw-bone defects for bone tissue engineering","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surge.2022.04.004","article-title":"Current trends in craniofacial reconstruction","volume":"21","author":"Hurley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surgeon"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13030464","article-title":"Surface treatments of PEEK for osseointegration to bone","volume":"13","author":"Dondani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2022.100402","article-title":"Strategies to improve bioactive and antibacterial properties of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) for use as orthopedic implants","volume":"16","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater Today Bio"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jormas.2021.04.007","article-title":"Inferior alveolar nerve allogenic repair following mandibulectomy: A systematic review","volume":"123","author":"Le Donne","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.109858","article-title":"Advanced biomaterials for repairing and reconstruction of mandibular defects","volume":"103","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.30137","article-title":"Consideration of difficulties and exit strategies in a case of face allotransplantation resulting in failure","volume":"37","author":"\u00d6zkan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2018.02.122","article-title":"Evaluation of the safety and clinical efficacy of allogeneic bone grafts in the reconstruction of the maxilla and mandible","volume":"50","author":"Stopa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transplant Proc"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-03857-y","article-title":"Finite element analysis and clinical application of 3D-printed Ti alloy implant for the reconstruction of mandibular defects","volume":"24","author":"Xue","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2022.08.001","article-title":"Advanced Hydrogel systems for mandibular reconstruction","volume":"21","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-022-00989-6","article-title":"Comparing the use of conventional and three-dimensional printing (3DP) in mandibular reconstruction","volume":"21","author":"Truscott","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioMed Eng Online"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27248749","article-title":"PEEK and hyaluronan-based 3D printed structures: promising combination to improve bone regeneration","volume":"27","author":"Ferroni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.1c00509","article-title":"Prefabricated 3D-printed tissue-engineered bone for mandibular reconstruction: A preclinical translational study in primate","volume":"7","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Biomater Sci Eng"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1563\/aaid-joi-D-19-00016","article-title":"The effect of parathyroid hormone analogues when added to mineralized bone xenografts","volume":"46","author":"Emam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Oral Implantol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2017.09.061","article-title":"AgNPs-decorated 3D printed PEEK implant for infection control and bone repair","volume":"160","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000010286","article-title":"Sensory outcomes for inferior alveolar nerve reconstruction with allograft following free fibula mandible reconstruction","volume":"152","author":"Kaplan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.30684","article-title":"Holistic reconstruction of mandible defect, lower lip and chin sensation, and smile reanimation in an advanced gum cancer patient: A case report","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microsurgery"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2025.1656914\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T05:29:34Z","timestamp":1761715774000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2025.1656914\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2025.1656914"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2025.1656914","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-943X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"article-number":"1656914"}}