{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T23:38:26Z","timestamp":1769125106393,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"\n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA) contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI) for determining the gross tumor volume (GTV) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A retrospective analysis was conducted on 12 patients diagnosed with HCC (18 lesions) who received radiotherapy and underwent magnetic resonance (MR) simulation. Six series images, including MR T\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n -weighted image (T\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n WI) and contrast-enhanced T\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n WI (CE-T\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n WI) at 15 s, 45 s, 75 s, 150 s, and &gt;20 min after Gd-EOB-DTPA injection, were obtained, and the GTV was determined in the different temporal images. The differences in mean signal intensity (SI), SI contrast between the HCC and liver tissue, volume and shape of HCC GTV among different phases were compared.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n (1) The mean SI of liver tissue reached its peak enhancement at &gt;20 min, showing a 140.90 \u00b1 64.69% increase, compared with T\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n WI (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt; 0.05). (2) Compared with CE-T\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n WI\n -20min<\/jats:sub>\n , the mean SI of the HCC increased by -41.19~18.09% from T\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n WI, CE-T\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n WI\n -15s<\/jats:sub>\n to CE-T\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n WI\n -150s<\/jats:sub>\n . Conversely, the mean SI of liver tissue decreased by 5.27~55.87% over the same period. Consequently, the SI contrast between HCC and liver tissue decreased by 53.30~89.37%. (3) The maximum GTV volume determined by CE-T\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n WI\n -20min<\/jats:sub>\n was (22.80 \u00b1 18.57) cm\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n , coinciding with the highest value of SI contrast (0.29 \u00b1 0.16). (4) Compared with GTV\n -20min<\/jats:sub>\n , GTV\n -T1WI<\/jats:sub>\n and GTV\n -15s<\/jats:sub>\n ~GTV\n -150s<\/jats:sub>\n had volume reductions of 6.73~19.35%. (5) Compared with GTV\n -20min<\/jats:sub>\n , the Dice similarity coefficients (DSC) of GTV\n -T1WI<\/jats:sub>\n and GTV\n -15s<\/jats:sub>\n ~GTV\n -150s<\/jats:sub>\n ranged from 0.745 to 0.819. Additionally, the shape change trend of GTV in the CE-T\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n WI images was generally consistent with the volume change trend.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n CE-T\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n WI MR images acquired more than 20 min post-injection of Gd-EOB-DTPA exhibited significant advantages in determining the GTV boundaries and enhancing the contrast of SI between HCC and liver tissue. The CE-T\n 1<\/jats:sub>\n WI\n -20min<\/jats:sub>\n sequence is recommended for determining HCC GTV.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1720806","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T07:09:40Z","timestamp":1769065780000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Preliminary study of Gd-EOB-DTPA contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for determining gross tumor volume in hepatocellular carcinoma radiotherapy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kangning","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute (Shandong Cancer Hospital)","place":["Jinan, 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China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2022.7989","article-title":"Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: A review","volume":"158","author":"Brown","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djx030","article-title":"Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2014, featuring survival","volume":"109","author":"Jemal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.816678","article-title":"Evaluation of multisource adaptive MRI fusion for gross tumor volume delineation of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Cheung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.15542","article-title":"A dual-supervised 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