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This review categorizes microbes by their action mechanisms in cancer biology: one group (e.g.,\n                    <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                    , HPV,\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    species) directly induces tumorigenesis via DNA damage, repairing pathway disruption, oncoprotein expression, and carcinogenic metabolite production; the other group (e.g.,\n                    <jats:italic>Fusobacterium nucleatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , HIV,\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) modulates tumor progression by regulating the tumor microenvironment, enhancing tumor cell chemoresistance, or suppressing anti-tumor immunity. Additionally, this review also explores clinical translation potential, highlights research challenges, and proposes future directions to support precision oncology advancement.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1737423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T05:14:13Z","timestamp":1768281253000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The pathogen\u2019s playbook in cancer: from oncogenesis to 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