{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T10:48:59Z","timestamp":1772621339744,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pilocytic astrocytomas are driven by BRAF and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) alterations, typically KIAA1549::BRAF fusions. A rare GTF2I::BRAF fusion has been described, but little is known about these cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Case report<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Here, we report two cases with GTF2I::BRAF fusions. Case 1 is a 36-year-old man initially diagnosed with myxopapillary ependymoma at the conus medullaris with three recurrences over 23 years requiring two surgeries, three rounds of radiation therapy, and one round of lapatinib\/temozolomide. A distant disease focus in T3\/T4 was sampled and tested with modern diagnostic techniques revealing a pilocytic astrocytoma on histology and methylation profiling. The patient has subsequently had stable clinical and radiographic findings. Case 2 is another 36-year-old man initially diagnosed with meningitis and later neurosarcoid who underwent biopsy after 12 years when his spinal leptomeningeal disease continued to progress and an intraventricular non-enhancing nodule emerged as a separate focus. Sampling of the leptomeningeal disease led to a diagnosis of pilocytic astrocytoma by histology and a divergent methylation profile. The patient has remained neurologically stable under radiographic surveillance without any intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Radiographic, histological, and molecular data are presented for both cases and compared against the only other reported GTF2I::BRAF CNS case, as well as canonical versions of pilocytic astrocytoma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To our knowledge, this is only the second case series highlighting a unique GTF2I::BRAF fusion and the first to describe it in adults in a spinal location. The manuscript contributes documentation of a rare fusion and tumor presentation to guide clinicians and potential research avenues.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2026.1670639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T05:42:57Z","timestamp":1772602977000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Case Report: Molecular diagnostics and clinical courses of two adult spinal pilocytic astrocytoma long-term survivors with GTF2I::BRAF fusion"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Argao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pinar E.","family":"Zerk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsiang-Chih","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine","place":["Houston, TX, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zied","family":"Abdullaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Quezado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle L.","family":"Cassidy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bennett","family":"Mclver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marissa","family":"Panzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renee","family":"Tweneboah-Koduah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lily","family":"Polskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Penas-Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School","place":["Ann Arbor, MI, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School","place":["Ann Arbor, MI, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Aldape","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute","place":["Bethesda, MD, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Mandel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Dan L. 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