{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T06:26:01Z","timestamp":1772000761042,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cancer is a recognized risk factor for sarcopenia. While some studies suggest that androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) may contribute to muscle loss in patients with prostate cancer (PCa), it remains unclear whether alterations in muscle composition are already present at the initial diagnosis, before any treatment begins. This study aimed to evaluate computed tomography (CT)\u2013based muscle size and muscle fat infiltration in patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 143 patients with newly diagnosed PCa (January 2023\u2013June 2024) were enrolled and matched 1:2 with 286 controls. CT attenuation and cross-sectional area of the erector spinae (ES) and full-layer muscle at the T12 level were measured. The muscle-to-spleen attenuation ratio (M\/S) was calculated. Muscle fat infiltration was assessed based on muscle CT attenuation. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the association between PCa and the risk of low muscle CT attenuation or low muscle area.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In PCa patients, muscle CT attenuation, M\/S ratio, ES area, and full-layer muscle area decreased with advancing age. Overall, muscle CT attenuation and M\/S ratio were significantly lower in the PCa group than in controls. Both ES area and full-layer muscle area were also significantly reduced in PCa patients younger than 70years. A similar difference in ES area was observed in the 70\u201380-year age group. After full adjustment, PCa was significantly associated with an increased risk of low ES CT attenuation (OR=2.59, 95%CI: 1.25\u20135.39), low full-layer muscle CT attenuation (OR=7.14, 95%CI: 3.30\u201315.45), low full-layer muscle M\/S ratio (OR=4.29, 95%CI: 2.01\u20138.87), and low ES area (OR=2.94, 95%CI: 1.33\u20136.53). Similar associations were observed in the non-diabetic subgroup.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Newly diagnosed prostate cancer is associated with an increased risk of CT-based skeletal muscle fat infiltration and reduced muscle area.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2026.1708133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T05:32:41Z","timestamp":1771997561000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Muscle size and muscle fat infiltration in patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer: a case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Chao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yufei","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuangquan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lingfeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daocheng","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Nanjing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shumei","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Songjiang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"afae052","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afae052","article-title":"The conceptual definition of sarcopenia: delphi consensus from the global leadership initiative in sarcopenia (GLIS)","volume":"53","author":"Kirk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2023.102057","article-title":"Sarcopenia and Malignancies: epidemiology, clinical classification and implications","volume":"91","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.00102","article-title":"Sarcopenia in the older adult with cancer","volume":"39","author":"Williams","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2023.112107","article-title":"Sarcopenia prevalence in patients with cancer and association with adverse prognosis: A nationwide survey on common cancers","volume":"114","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13429","article-title":"Skeletal muscle and visceral adipose radiodensities are pre-surgical, non-invasive markers of aggressive kidney cancer","volume":"15","author":"Furberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2020.02.014","article-title":"Sarcopenia as a predictor of postoperative outcomes after urologic oncology surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urol Oncol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-018-2259-x","article-title":"Sarcopenia predicts 90-day mortality and postoperative complications after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer","volume":"36","author":"Mayr","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-024-15666-2","article-title":"A nomogram including sarcopenia for predicting progression-free survival in patients with localized papillary renal cell carcinoma: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"31","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.24901","article-title":"National cancer system characteristics and prostate cancer outcomes: an analysis of global data","volume":"85","author":"Dee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/CCI.21.00030","article-title":"Ascertainment of veterans with metastatic prostate cancer in electronic health records: demonstrating the case for natural language processing","volume":"5","author":"Alba","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCO Clin Cancer Inform"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euros.2023.09.004","article-title":"Profiling of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue depots in men with advanced prostate cancer receiving different forms of androgen deprivation therapy","volume":"57","author":"Blow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Urol Open Sci"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euo.2025.02.006","article-title":"Total and regional changes in body composition in metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer patients randomized to receive androgen deprivation + Enzalutamide zoledronic acid. The BONENZA study","volume":"8","author":"Buffoni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Urol Oncol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.38.8850","article-title":"Sarcopenia during androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer","volume":"30","author":"Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2016160626","article-title":"CT measures of bone mineral density and muscle mass can be used to predict noncancer death in men with prostate cancer","volume":"282","author":"McDonald","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOU.0000000000000885","article-title":"The prognostic value of sarcopenia in patients with prostate cancer: a systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Jahrreiss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Urol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2021.08.009","article-title":"CT-defined low-skeletal muscle mass as a prognostic marker for survival in prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"40","author":"Meyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urol Oncol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgo.2023.101594","article-title":"The trajectory of sarcopenia following diagnosis of prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Kova\u010d","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Geriatr Oncol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae827","article-title":"Skeletal muscle adiposity, coronary microvascular dysfunction, and adverse cardiovascular outcomes","volume":"46","author":"Souza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glv027","article-title":"Greater skeletal muscle fat infiltration is associated with higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in older men","volume":"70","author":"Miljkovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e222008","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.222008","article-title":"AI-based CT body composition identifies myosteatosis as key mortality predictor in asymptomatic adults","volume":"307","author":"Nachit","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2019.102839","article-title":"Myosteatosis and prognosis in cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"145","author":"Aleixo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9242243","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9242243","article-title":"Clinical features and body composition in men with hormone-sensitive metastatic prostate cancer: A pilot study examining differences by race","volume":"2022","author":"Sheean","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.14704","article-title":"Myosteatosis as a novel predictor of urinary incontinence after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy","volume":"29","author":"Yamashita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1708824","article-title":"Quantitative imaging of body composition","volume":"24","author":"Hemke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin Musculoskelet Radiol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-021-03294-3","article-title":"Sarcopenia: imaging assessment and clinical application","volume":"247","author":"Chianca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol (NY)"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2021.02.005","article-title":"ESPEN practical guideline: Clinical Nutrition in cancer","volume":"40","author":"Muscaritoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(08)70153-0","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical implications of sarcopenic obesity in patients with solid tumours of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts: a population-based study","volume":"9","author":"Prado","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.078576","article-title":"A population-based approach to define body-composition phenotypes","volume":"99","author":"Prado","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JP275443","article-title":"The impact of exercise and nutrition on the regulation of skeletal muscle mass","volume":"597","author":"McGlory","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31138-9","article-title":"Sarcopenia","volume":"393","author":"Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.16681","article-title":"Sarcopenia and survival in colorectal cancer without distant metastasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v16.i5.1861","article-title":"Is sarcopenia effective on survival in patients with metastatic gastric cancer","volume":"16","author":"Dogan","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J Gastro Oncol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1037796","article-title":"Association between sarcopenia and survival in patients with gynecologic cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1475977","article-title":"Advances in sarcopenia and urologic disorders","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.923200","article-title":"Correlation between bioelectrical impedance analysis and chest CT-measured erector spinae muscle area: A cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-021-01106-2","article-title":"Diagnosing sarcopenia and myosteatosis based on chest computed tomography images in healthy Chinese adults","volume":"12","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.17.1.527","article-title":"Human body composition: advances in models and methods","volume":"17","author":"Heymsfield","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28218","article-title":"Skeletal muscle density predicts prognosis in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with targeted therapies","volume":"119","author":"Antoun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.31405","article-title":"Muscle radiodensity and mortality in patients with colorectal cancer","volume":"124","author":"Kroenke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22146","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79340-9","article-title":"Myosteatosis as a novel prognostic biomarker after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer","volume":"10","author":"Yamashita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-024-04735-y","article-title":"Myosteatosis in multiple myeloma: a key determinant of survival beyond sarcopenia","volume":"54","author":"Diallo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200434120-00002","article-title":"Effects of aging on muscle fibre type and size","volume":"34","author":"Deschenes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00061.2017","article-title":"Sarcopenia: aging-related loss of muscle mass and function","volume":"99","author":"Larsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1708133\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T05:32:43Z","timestamp":1771997563000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1708133\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2026.1708133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1708133","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-943X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"article-number":"1708133"}}