{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T05:14:02Z","timestamp":1778649242602,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007846","name":"Yunnan Provincial Department of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007846","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Granulomatous lobular mastitis (GLM) is a benign, nonspecific inflammatory disease associated with autoimmune dysregulation, pathogenic infection, endocrine disorders, and other etiological factors. Although various treatments for GLM exist, there is currently no standardized approach.\n                      <jats:italic>Aerococcus viridans<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>A. viridans<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), an opportunistic pathogen typically non-pathogenic to humans, has been reported to cause infection in immunocompromised hosts. To date, there have been no documented cases of female granulomatous mastitis associated with\n                      <jats:italic>A. viridans<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Case description<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A 33-year-old female presented with a right-breast mass. Ultrasound revealed multiple heterogeneous masses consistent with chronic GLM. Diseased glandular tissue was obtained under aseptic conditions for pathological examination and nanopore targeted sequencing (NTS). Pathology showed granulomatous inflammation, and NTS detected\n                      <jats:italic>A. viridans<\/jats:italic>\n                      as the dominant taxon.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Granulomatous mastitis is a heterogeneous inflammatory condition in which pathogenic infection may contribute to disease development, although the spectrum of implicated microorganisms remains incompletely defined.\n                      <jats:italic>Aerococcus viridans<\/jats:italic>\n                      is rarely reported in this setting, and its detection in the present case broadens the range of microorganisms associated with GLM. The dominant detection of\n                      <jats:italic>A. viridans<\/jats:italic>\n                      by nanopore-targeted sequencing (NTS) indicates a potential association with the lesion; however, causality cannot be inferred from a single case. NTS is a valuable tool for rapid, accurate pathogen identification, supporting timely, rational antimicrobial decision-making. In this case, NTS-guided antibiotic therapy was followed by significant clinical improvement.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2026.1735674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T04:48:40Z","timestamp":1778647720000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identification of Aerococcus viridans in granulomatous mastitis utilizing nanopore targeted sequencing: case report and short literature review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yingxiang","family":"Hui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery II, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery II, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery I, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiyin","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery II, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaqian","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery II, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]},{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery I, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University","place":["Kunming, Yunnan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/58.6.642","article-title":"Granulomatous mastitis: a lesion clinically simulating carcinoma","volume":"58","author":"Kessler","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/cm9.0000000000001532","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of patients with non-puerperal mastitis: Chinese Society of Breast Surgery (CSBrS) practice guideline 2021","volume":"134","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9040958","article-title":"Mastitis in autoimmune diseases: review of the literature, diagnostic pathway, and pathophysiological key players","volume":"9","author":"Goulabchand","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-022-01726-w","article-title":"A case management model for patients with granulomatous mastitis: a prospective study","volume":"22","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000495146","article-title":"Granulomatous mastitis: a therapeutic and diagnostic challenge","volume":"13","author":"Wolfrum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Breast Care (Basel)"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.06.037","article-title":"Cystic neutrophilic granulomatous mastitis: Corynebacterium species-associated infection with distinct histology","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-8-3-475","article-title":"Aerococcus, a new bacterial genus","volume":"8","author":"Williams","year":"1953","journal-title":"J Gen Microbiol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carrev.2017.08.011","article-title":"Aortic pseudoaneurysm & endocarditis caused by Aerococcus viridans: a case report and literature review","volume":"19","author":"Yadav","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Revasc Med"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-002-3106-x","article-title":"Aerococcus urinae endocarditis: case report and review of the literature","volume":"30","author":"Ebnother","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47619-0","article-title":"Spondylodiscitis due to Aerococcus viridans","volume":"57","author":"Nasoodi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"B11","article-title":"Group C streptococcal bacteremia: a case report from India","volume":"35","author":"Mohanty","year":"2004","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2906.221929","article-title":"Detection of severe murine typhus by nanopore targeted sequencing, China","volume":"29","author":"Qian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbx062","article-title":"Nanopore sequencing data analysis: state of the art, applications and challenges","volume":"19","author":"Magi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1110115","article-title":"Granulomatous inflammation in inborn errors of immunity","volume":"11","author":"Sacco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054624","article-title":"Macrophage biology in human granulomatous skin inflammation","volume":"24","author":"Klapproth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/aog.0000000000000734","article-title":"Treatment for and clinical characteristics of granulomatous mastitis","volume":"125","author":"Sheybani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800721023","article-title":"Are the lesions of duct ectasia sterile","volume":"72","author":"Bundred","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdtm.2016.02.004","article-title":"New insights of Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii in granulomatous lobular mastitis based on nanopore sequencing","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Invest Surg"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10102077","article-title":"Serum C-Reactive Protein and Interleukin-6 levels as biomarkers for disease severity and clinical outcomes in patients with idiopathic granulomatous mastitis","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2018.05.002","article-title":"Activation of the IL-6\/JAK2\/STAT3 pathway induces plasma cell mastitis in mice","volume":"110","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.10.019","article-title":"Etiology of granulomatous lobular mastitis based on metagenomic next-generation sequencing","volume":"113","author":"Bi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.01.034","article-title":"Pathogens in patients with granulomatous lobular mastitis","volume":"81","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021042","article-title":"Profiling microbial communities in idiopathic granulomatous mastitis","volume":"24","author":"Ong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.4103\/jmau.jmau_61_19","article-title":"Aerococcus-related infections and their significance: a 9-year retrospective study","volume":"9","author":"Sahu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Microsc Ultrastruct"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.01.002","article-title":"Molecular and antibiotic susceptibility characterization of Aerococcus viridans isolated from porcine urinary infection","volume":"184","author":"Moreno","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125001","article-title":"Molecular and phenotypic characterization of Aerococcus viridans associated with subclinical bovine mastitis","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0025-6196(12)60342-5","article-title":"Aerococcus viridans endocarditis","volume":"59","author":"Pien","year":"1984","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/reum.2016.64909","article-title":"Aerococcus viridans infection presenting as cutaneous vasculitis in an immunocompetent patient","volume":"54","author":"Ashaq Hussain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reumatologia"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.09.026","article-title":"Aerococcus: an increasingly acknowledged human pathogen","volume":"22","author":"M","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1159\/000081689","article-title":"Capsular polysaccharides and their role in virulence","volume":"12","author":"Taylor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Contrib Microbiol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.41.100187.002251","article-title":"Bacterial biofilms in nature and disease","volume":"41","author":"Costerton","year":"1987","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.02.016","article-title":"Adherent\/invasive capacities of bovine-associated Aerococcus viridans contribute to pathogenesis of acute mastitis in a murine model","volume":"230","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.12659\/ajcr.914866","article-title":"Aerococcus viridans: case report, microbiology, and literature review","volume":"20","author":"Ezechukwu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofx096","article-title":"Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii is an emerging cause of mastitis especially in patients with psychiatric illness on antipsychotic medication","volume":"4","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13992","article-title":"Microbiological diagnosis of endophthalmitis using nanopore targeted sequencing","volume":"49","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.21-0353","article-title":"Examination of the microbiota of normal cow milk using MinION(TM) nanopore sequencing","volume":"83","author":"Shinozuka","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1735674\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T04:48:53Z","timestamp":1778647733000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1735674\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2026.1735674"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1735674","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-943X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"article-number":"1735674"}}