{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:18:50Z","timestamp":1785543530928,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bladder cancer (BC) remains a major clinical challenge due to its high recurrence rate and biological heterogeneity. Traditional diagnostic methods, such as cystoscopy and urine cytology, are limited by invasiveness and low sensitivity for early or low-grade tumors. Recent advances in liquid biopsy have highlighted the potential of urinary tumor DNA (utDNA) and exosomes as non-invasive biomarkers for diagnosis, molecular classification, staging, and therapeutic monitoring. utDNA reflects the genomic and epigenetic alterations of BC with high concordance to tumor tissue, while urinary exosomes serve as carriers of proteins, RNA, and DNA that mirror tumor biology and microenvironmental interactions. The combined detection of utDNA and exosomes significantly enhances diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, facilitates early disease detection, and enables a dynamic monitoring of treatment response and recurrence. Standardization of sample collection, analytical platforms, and data interpretation, together with multicenter clinical validation, is crucial for clinical translation. Future research integrating multi-omics profiling and artificial intelligence is expected to establish urinary liquid biopsy as a key tool for precision medicine in BC management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2026.1745178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T04:29:24Z","timestamp":1778560164000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Progress in the application of combined detection of urinary tumor DNA and exosomes in the classification, staging, and clinical management of bladder cancer: a review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mengyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"North Sichuan Medical College","place":["Nanchong, China"]},{"name":"Department of Urology, Suining Central Hospital","place":["Suining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianchuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Sichuan Medical College","place":["Nanchong, China"]},{"name":"Department of Urology, Suining Central Hospital","place":["Suining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Sichuan Medical College","place":["Nanchong, China"]},{"name":"Department of Urology, Suining Central Hospital","place":["Suining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Suining Central Hospital","place":["Suining, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-023-00744-3","article-title":"Global trends in the epidemiology of bladder cancer: challenges for public health and clinical practice","volume":"20","author":"van Hoogstraten","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13010086","article-title":"Advances in therapy for urothelial and non-urothelial subtype histologies of advanced bladder cancer: from etiology to current development","volume":"13","author":"Kwon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1424293","article-title":"Deciphering the molecular heterogeneity of intermediate- and (very-)high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer using multi-layered -omics studies","volume":"14","author":"Akand","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pathol.4.110807.092230","article-title":"Molecular pathogenesis and diagnostics of bladder cancer","volume":"4","author":"Mitra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.08.027","article-title":"Molecular subtypes of urothelial bladder cancer: results from a meta-cohort analysis of 2411 tumors","volume":"75","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-023-00468-9","article-title":"Bladder cancer","volume":"9","author":"Dyrskj\u00f8t","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2013.10.002","article-title":"Searching for urine biomarkers of bladder cancer recurrence using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry metabolomics approach","volume":"1318","author":"Alberice","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Chromatogr A"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2025.5724","article-title":"Unleashing the power of urine-based biomarkers in diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of bladder cancer (review)","volume":"66","author":"Wan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Oncol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0302-2838(01)00026-4","article-title":"Guidelines on bladder cancer","volume":"41","author":"Oosterlinck","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-23-0513","article-title":"Urinary tumor DNA MRD analysis to identify responders to neoadjuvant immunotherapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003732","article-title":"Urine tumor DNA detection of minimal residual disease in muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with curative-intent radical cystectomy: a cohort study","volume":"18","author":"Chauhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS Med"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.01.007","article-title":"Genomic alterations in liquid biopsies from patients with bladder cancer","volume":"70","author":"Birkenkamp-Demtr\u00f6der","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"B13","article-title":"Urine-based biomarkers for the early detection and surveillance of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer","volume":"60","author":"Herman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Minerva Urol Nefrol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000052519","article-title":"The early detection and diagnosis of bladder cancer: a critical review of the options","volume":"39","author":"Saad","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-024-01555-0","article-title":"From detection to cure - emerging roles for urinary tumor DNA (utDNA) in bladder cancer","volume":"26","author":"Linscott","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Oncol Rep"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2016.1244006","article-title":"Improving diagnostic molecular tests to monitor urothelial carcinoma recurrence","volume":"16","author":"Krabbe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Diagn"},{"key":"B17","article-title":"Urine protein biomarkers for the detection, surveillance, and treatment response prediction of bladder cancer","volume":"9","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Cancer Res"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0302-2838(02)00126-4","article-title":"DNA alterations in body fluids as molecular tumor markers for urological Malignancies","volume":"41","author":"Goessl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000001878","article-title":"Urinary molecular pathology for patients with newly diagnosed urothelial bladder cancer","volume":"206","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-020-00723-8","article-title":"Comprehensive characterization of cell-free tumor DNA in plasma and urine of patients with renal tumors","volume":"12","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI139597","article-title":"Urine DNA methylation assay enables early detection and recurrence monitoring for bladder cancer","volume":"130","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2017.09.011","article-title":"Monitoring treatment response and metastatic relapse in advanced bladder cancer by liquid biopsy analysis","volume":"73","author":"Birkenkamp-Demtr\u00f6der","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S458397","article-title":"Bladder cancer in exosomal perspective: unraveling new regulatory mechanisms","volume":"19","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e32621","article-title":"Urinary exosomes: potential diagnostic markers and application in bladder cancer","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.02.035","article-title":"Bladder cancer exosomes contain EDIL-3\/Del1 and facilitate cancer progression","volume":"192","author":"Beckham","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4143\/crt.2021.642","article-title":"Next-generation proteomics-based discovery, verification, and validation of urine biomarkers for bladder cancer diagnosis","volume":"54","author":"Suh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2021.05.010","article-title":"Unique somatic variants in DNA from urine exosomes of individuals with bladder cancer","volume":"22","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.25998","article-title":"Bladder cancer detection by urinary extracellular vesicle mRNA analysis","volume":"9","author":"Murakami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13133242","article-title":"Proteomic profiling of tissue exosomes indicates continuous release of Malignant exosomes in urinary bladder cancer patients, even with pathologically undetectable tumour","volume":"13","author":"Eldh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5960","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62753-x","article-title":"Urinary exosomes from bladder cancer patients show a residual cancer phenotype despite complete pathological downstaging","volume":"10","author":"Hiltbrunner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-18-0825","article-title":"Detection and surveillance of bladder cancer using urine tumor DNA","volume":"9","author":"Dudley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-022-00345-w","article-title":"Urine cell-free DNA multi-omics to detect MRD and predict survival in bladder cancer patients","volume":"7","author":"Chauhan","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Precis Oncol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01729-7","article-title":"Letter to the editor: clinical utility of urine DNA for noninvasive detection and minimal residual disease monitoring in urothelial carcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16040753","article-title":"Urine-based biomarker test Uromonitor(\u00ae) in the detection and disease monitoring of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer-a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test performance","volume":"16","author":"Kravchuk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.44634","article-title":"Urine biopsy technologies: cancer and beyond","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15102868","article-title":"Accurate detection of urothelial bladder cancer using targeted deep sequencing of urine DNA","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.14155","article-title":"Genomic profile of urine has high diagnostic sensitivity compared to cytology in non-invasive urothelial bladder cancer","volume":"110","author":"Hirotsu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.13639","article-title":"Distinct longitudinal patterns of urine tumor DNA in patients undergoing surveillance for bladder cancer","volume":"18","author":"Vedeld","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Oncol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-022-04234-7","article-title":"Identify potential urine biomarkers for bladder cancer prognosis using NGS data analysis and experimental validation","volume":"195","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl Biochem Biotechnol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0109298673302140240627053904","article-title":"Exploring a desirable quadr-mRNAs panel for non-invasive and ultrasensitive bladder cancer diagnosis: in-silico and clinical studies","volume":"32","author":"Abazari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.15315","article-title":"Urinary cell microRNA-based prognostic classifier for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer","volume":"8","author":"Ingelmo-Torres","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/973406","article-title":"Stepwise application of urine markers to detect tumor recurrence in patients undergoing surveillance for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer","volume":"2014","author":"Todenh\u00f6fer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dis Markers"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euo.2025.04.027","article-title":"Bladder cancer with undetectable circulating tumor DNA after radical cystectomy may be amenable to a less intense imaging surveillance protocol: a diagnostic accuracy study","volume":"8","author":"Eraky","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Urol Oncol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-09-0226","article-title":"Prediction of muscle-invasive bladder cancer using urinary proteomics","volume":"15","author":"Schiffer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11020539","article-title":"The current progress and future options of multiple therapy and potential biomarkers for muscle-invasive bladder cancer","volume":"11","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14102027","article-title":"Applications of exosomes in diagnosing muscle invasive bladder cancer","volume":"14","author":"Walker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2023.07.014","article-title":"Field cancerization is associated with tumor development, T-cell exhaustion, and clinical outcomes in bladder cancer","volume":"85","author":"Strandgaard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40169-020-0257-2","article-title":"Detection of bladder cancer using urinary cell-free DNA and cellular DNA","volume":"9","author":"Ou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Transl Med"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.6b00106","article-title":"A comprehensive investigation toward the indicative proteins of bladder cancer in urine: from surveying cell secretomes to verifying urine proteins","volume":"15","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.06.035","article-title":"A prospective blinded evaluation of urine-DNA testing for detection of urothelial bladder carcinoma in patients with gross hematuria","volume":"70","author":"Dahmcke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-023-00783-6","article-title":"Author correction: Circulating and urinary tumour DNA in urothelial carcinoma - upper tract, lower tract and metastatic disease","volume":"20","author":"Rose","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03642-9","article-title":"CtDNA guiding adjuvant immunotherapy in urothelial carcinoma","volume":"595","author":"Powles","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.32143","article-title":"Non-invasive detection of urothelial cancer through the analysis of driver gene mutations and aneuploidy","volume":"7","author":"Springer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149756","article-title":"Multiplex PCR and next generation sequencing for the non-invasive detection of bladder cancer","volume":"11","author":"Ward","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.18.02052","article-title":"Early detection of metastatic relapse and monitoring of therapeutic efficacy by ultra-deep sequencing of plasma cell-free DNA in patients with urothelial bladder carcinoma","volume":"37","author":"Christensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.13628","article-title":"Unlocking the potential of tumor-derived DNA in urine for cancer detection: methodological challenges and opportunities","volume":"19","author":"Wever","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Oncol"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13174381","article-title":"Sampling, logistics, and analytics of urine for RT-qPCR-based diagnostics","volume":"13","author":"Kretschmer-Kazemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI154941","article-title":"Circulating tumor DNA: current challenges for clinical utility","volume":"132","author":"Dang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euo.2021.04.005","article-title":"Clinical utility of cell-free and circulating tumor DNA in kidney and bladder cancer: a critical review of current literature","volume":"4","author":"Green","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Urol Oncol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euo.2024.09.011","article-title":"Clinical implementation of urinary biomarkers for surveillance of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC): Considerations from the European Association of Urology NMIBC Guideline Panel","volume":"8","author":"Liedberg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Urol Oncol"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/46.5.595","article-title":"Current concepts in biomarker technology for bladder cancers","volume":"46","author":"Burchardt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1881-2_2","article-title":"Screening for bladder cancer using urine-based tumor markers","volume":"60","author":"Svatek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Minerva Urol Nefrol"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105620","article-title":"Molecular diagnostic and prognostication assays for the subtyping of urinary bladder cancer are on the way to illuminating our vision","volume":"23","author":"Ecke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-023-00773-8","article-title":"Urine biomarkers in bladder cancer - current status and future perspectives","volume":"20","author":"Maas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-025-01648-4","article-title":"Cell-free tumor DNA: a promising technology for diagnosis, surveillance and therapeutic decision in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder","volume":"27","author":"Martinez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Oncol Rep"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2023.3603","article-title":"Assessing the clinical utility of liquid biopsies across 5 potential indications from therapy selection to population screening: a review","volume":"183","author":"Carr","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16122280","article-title":"Circulating tumor DNA in genitourinary cancers: Detection, prognostics, and therapeutic implications","volume":"16","author":"Gerke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2024.2428747","article-title":"Biomarkers of treatment response in bladder cancer","volume":"24","author":"Heard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Diagn"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euo.2024.11.008","article-title":"Circulating tumor DNA: A new research frontier in urological oncology from localized to metastatic disease","volume":"8","author":"Garofoli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Urol Oncol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1745178\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T04:29:25Z","timestamp":1778560165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1745178\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2026.1745178"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1745178","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-943X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"article-number":"1745178"}}