{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T04:59:20Z","timestamp":1785473960772,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to compare clinical data between women with invasive breast cancer (IBC) and those with benign breast tumors, identify risk factors influencing IBC development, and provide evidence for early clinical identification and intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical records of 1, 049 female patients with breast masses who underwent surgical treatment at Hebei Provincial People\u2019s Hospital between October 1, 2018, and October 1, 2020, were retrospectively collected. The cohort comprised 738 cases in the benign breast mass group and 311 cases in the invasive breast cancer group. Chi-square (\u03c7\u00b2), Z-tests, and T-tests were used to compare the two groups regarding age, menopausal status, marital status, parity, family history of breast cancer, history of benign breast surgery, presence of metabolic syndrome (MS), and related inflammatory and nutritional indicators [prognostic nutritional index (PNI), albumin\/globulin ratio (AGR), systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI), platelet\/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), neutrophil\/monocyte ratio (NMR). Independent risk factors for female IBC development were identified through univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Logistic Regression Analysis: Univariate analysis revealed that age, postmenopausal status, marital history, parity, coexisting multiple sclerosis, PNI, AGR, SIRI, and history of benign breast surgery were associated with inflammatory breast cancer in women. Multivariate analysis indicated that age, postmenopausal status, coexisting multiple sclerosis, decreased PNI, elevated SIRI, and history of benign breast surgery were independent risk factors for inflammatory breast cancer in women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Advanced age, postmenopausal status, concomitant metabolic syndrome, decreased PNI, and elevated SIRI are independent risk factors for invasive breast cancer in women. A history of benign breast surgery may serve as a protective factor. Clinicians should enhance screening and intervention for high-risk populations based on these factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2026.1752259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T04:24:35Z","timestamp":1785471875000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Correlation study between inflammatory, nutritional and metabolic indicators and the risk of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Peilin","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School, Hebei Medical University","place":["Shijiazhuang, China"]},{"name":"Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Hebei General Hospital","place":["Shijiazhuang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinning","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Hebei General Hospital","place":["Shijiazhuang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Hebei General Hospital","place":["Shijiazhuang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongfeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Affairs Office, Hebei General Hospital","place":["Shijiazhuang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School, Hebei Medical University","place":["Shijiazhuang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingjie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery IV, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University of Engineering","place":["Handan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fenghua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Hebei General Hospital","place":["Shijiazhuang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00685-8","article-title":"Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022-2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14290","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-41130-4","article-title":"Mendelian randomization analysis revealed potential metabolic causal factors for breast cancer","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.17650\/1726-9784-2017-16-4-7-17","article-title":"Molecular-genetic mechanisms of initiation, promotion and progression of tumors","volume":"16","author":"Lyzhko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rossijskij Bioterapevti\u010deskij \u017durnal"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-020-0894-7","article-title":"The Pan-Immune-Inflammation Value is a new prognostic biomarker in metastatic colorectal cancer: results from a pooled-analysis of the Valentino and TRIBE first-line trials","volume":"123","author":"Fuc\u00e0","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-022-10284-1","article-title":"The prognostic role of tumor mutation burden on survival of breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Ke","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.01290","article-title":"Association between metabolic syndrome and breast cancer risk: an updated meta-analysis of follow-up studies","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000036315","article-title":"Peripheral blood inflammatory indexes in breast cancer: a review","volume":"102","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/ejtm.2019.8776","article-title":"Investigation of the association between metabolic syndrome and breast cancer patients","volume":"30","author":"Eskandari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Transl Myol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000507554","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome is a risk factor for breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes Facts"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11030690","article-title":"Estrogens in adipose tissue physiology and obesity-related dysfunction","volume":"11","author":"Kury\u0142owicz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002825","article-title":"Association between insulin resistance and luminal B subtype breast cancer in postmenopausal women","volume":"95","author":"Nam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-17-0311","article-title":"IGF1 receptor signaling pathways","volume":"61","author":"Hakuno","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2019.01.001","article-title":"Estrogen receptor signaling mechanisms","volume":"116","author":"Fuentes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Protein Chem Struct Biol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4981","DOI":"10.1021\/jm9002395","article-title":"Inhibition of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) tyrosine kinase as a novel cancer therapy approach","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2024.100832","article-title":"Deciphering endocrine function of adipose tissue and its significant influences in obesity-related diseases caused by its dysfunction","volume":"141","author":"Duan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.20472","article-title":"Leptin and cancer","volume":"207","author":"Garofalo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-12-2603","article-title":"Molecular pathways: adipose inflammation as a mediator of obesity-associated cancer","volume":"19","author":"Howe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2025.2559436","article-title":"Correlation between the prognostic nutritional index and breast cancer in U.S. adults: NHANES 2001-2018","volume":"77","author":"Rong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr Cancer"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2021.1885183","article-title":"CD36 and LC3B initiated autophagy in B cells regulates the humoral immune response","volume":"17","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.637226","article-title":"Asparagine synthetase-mediated l-asparagine metabolism disorder promotes the perineural invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-016-0642-0","article-title":"Systemic inflammation is associated with the density of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment of gastric cancer","volume":"20","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.656741","article-title":"Prognostic nutritional index (PNI) in patients with breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy as a useful prognostic indicator","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.856064","article-title":"The systemic inflammation response index as an independent predictor of survival in breast cancer patients: a retrospective study","volume":"9","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2024.2337729","article-title":"Prognostic and clinicopathological value of systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) in patients with breast cancer: a meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2024.0192","article-title":"Complex role of neutrophils in the tumor microenvironment: an avenue for novel immunotherapies","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14133287","article-title":"Breast cancer stem cells: signaling pathways, cellular interactions, and therapeutic implications","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adf6493","article-title":"Deterministic reprogramming of neutrophils within tumors","volume":"383","author":"Ng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-74720-6_77","article-title":"Tumor-associated neutrophils in breast cancer subtypes","volume":"18","author":"Soto-Perez-de-Celis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12061542","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) promote pro-metastatic phenotype in human breast cancer cells through epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition","volume":"12","author":"Martins-Cardoso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djp082","article-title":"Ki67 index, HER2 status, and prognosis of patients with luminal B breast cancer","volume":"101","author":"Cheang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-019-1237-6","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in breast cancer and beyond: current perspectives on NET stimuli, thrombosis and metastasis, and clinical utility for diagnosis and treatment","volume":"21","author":"Snoderly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319292","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-guided tissue analysis combined with immune infiltrate assessment predicts stage III colon cancer outcomes in PETACC08 study","volume":"69","author":"Reichling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-022-02550-0","article-title":"A novel inflammation-related prognostic biomarker for predicting the disease-free survival of patients with colorectal cancer","volume":"20","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2011.04321.x","article-title":"CD16+ monocytes in breast cancer patients: expanded by monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and may be useful for early diagnosis","volume":"164","author":"Feng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.00165","article-title":"The engagement between MDSCs and metastases: partners in crime","volume":"10","author":"Trovato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-019-1114-3","article-title":"CXCL17-derived CD11b+Gr-1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells contribute to lung metastasis of breast cancer through platelet-derived growth factor-BB","volume":"21","author":"Hsu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1752259\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T04:24:36Z","timestamp":1785471876000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1752259\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2026.1752259"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1752259","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-943X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"article-number":"1752259"}}