{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T05:09:16Z","timestamp":1779253756167,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Male genitourinary cancers (prostate, bladder, kidney, and testicular) represent a major cancer burden in middle- and high-income countries (MHIC). We aimed to characterize their distribution and trends across 174 countries using the 2023 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study presented the incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and age-standardized rates for four male genitourinary cancers by age and location from 1990 to 2023. Average annual percent changes (AAPCs) and Bayesian Age-Period-Cohort (BAPC) models were utilized to quantify temporal dynamics and project trends to 2050.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2023, an estimated 2.16 million new cases and 0.73 million deaths were attributed to male genitourinary cancers in MHIC. From 1990 to 2023, age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) increased for PCa, KCa, and TCa across all income groups. However, age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) exhibited divergent trends: declining significantly in high-income countries (HC) while remaining stable or increasing in lower-middle-income countries (LMC). Smoking remained the predominant risk factor, though metabolic factors (high BMI, hyperglycemia) demonstrated increasingly prominent population-attributable fractions in wealthier nations. Projections to 2050 suggest a growing burden in LMC and upper-middle-income countries (UMC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The marked increase in ASIRs in wealthier nations partially reflects superior diagnostic capacity (e.g., PSA screening) rather than exclusively a true increase in disease burden. The divergence between rising incidence and persistently high mortality in LMC highlights the urgent need for tailored, resource-stratified public health strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2026.1762356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T04:32:12Z","timestamp":1779251532000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The rising burden of male genitourinary cancers in middle- and high-income countries"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wenfu","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese 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