{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T03:19:40Z","timestamp":1788837580945,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":5,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Esophageal submucosal gland duct adenoma (ESGDA) is an exceptionally rare benign tumor. Classic teaching suggests a predilection for the upper and mid esophagus. This study reports a new case and performs a comparative literature analysis to test for potential geographic variations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Case introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 61-year-old Asian male was found to have a 1.6\u00a0cm submucosal tumor in the distal esophagus during a routine check-up. The lesion was successfully resected via endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), with pathological confirmation of ESGDA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a pooled analysis of 20 well-documented ESGDA cases from the literature. Cases were stratified into an Eastern cohort (n=10) and a Western cohort (n=10) based on the first author\u2019s affiliation. Demographic and tumor characteristics were systematically compared. Given the small sample size, Fisher\u2019s exact test was applied for categorical variable comparisons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Striking differences were observed. The Eastern cohort exhibited a profound male predominance (9:1 male-to-female ratio), whereas the Western cohort had a balanced sex distribution (1:1). Fisher\u2019s exact test for this comparison yielded a two-sided P value of 0.141. Tumor location also differed dramatically: 100% of Eastern cases were located in the distal esophagus\/gastroesophageal junction, compared to only 40% of Western cases, with 60% of Western cases found in the mid or upper esophagus, a pattern not seen in the Eastern cohort (Fisher\u2019s exact test, P\u00a0=\u00a00.011). Mean age and tumor size were similar between groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The clinical presentation of ESGDA demonstrates notable geographic patterns. In this analysis, Eastern cases presented exclusively in the distal esophagus with a strong male predominance, while Western cases showed a broader anatomical distribution and a balanced sex ratio. These descriptive findings suggest potential population-specific differences. Clinicians should be aware of these patterns, and future studies with larger sample sizes are warranted for confirmation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2026.1762765","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T11:36:46Z","timestamp":1782992206000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Esophageal submucosal gland duct adenoma: a case report and pooled analysis of demographic differences between eastern and western populations"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yuhua","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"name":"Hubei Clinical Center & Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yafei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"name":"Hubei Clinical Center & Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liuqing","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"name":"Hubei Clinical Center & Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4253\/wjge.v17.i4.105238","article-title":"Clinical, endoscopic and histopathological observation of a rare case of esophageal submucosal gland duct adenoma: a case report","volume":"17","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J Gastrointestinal Endoscopy"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.08.017","article-title":"A rare submucosal tumor of the esophagus","volume":"152","author":"Shibata","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2020.04.053","article-title":"Endoscopic findings of esophageal gland duct adenoma resected by endoscopic submucosal dissection","volume":"92","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastrointestinal Endoscopy"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/his.15384","article-title":"Esophageal submucosal gland duct adenoma: an unrecognised esophageal counterpart of minor salivary gland tumours with frequent BRAF V600E mutations","volume":"86","author":"Hua","year":"2025","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1525781","article-title":"Esophageal submucosal gland duct adenoma: a case report and literature review","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Oncol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1762765\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T11:36:46Z","timestamp":1782992206000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1762765\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"references-count":5,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2026.1762765"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1762765","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-943X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"article-number":"1762765"}}