{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T06:27:04Z","timestamp":1772000824122,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prostate cancer, the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality among men in the U.S., is projected to cause over 36,000 deaths in 2025. This systematic literature review investigates the association between body mass index (BMI) and prostate cancer incidence, evaluating evidence from 2004 to October 2025.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comprehensive search of PubMed using the keywords \u201cBMI\u201d and \u201cprostate cancer\u201d and \u201cscreening\u201d identified 60 articles, from which 24 relevant studies were selected for direct analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While some studies show a positive correlation between higher BMI and increased risk of prostate cancer, others report no significant association or an inverse relationship. Thus, the overall evidence supports a neutral relationship between BMI and prostate cancer risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The review explores potential biological mechanisms linking BMI to prostate cancer, including metabolic dysregulation, hormonal changes, and genetic factors. Additionally, it examines how factors such as age, race\/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status may modify this relationship. The review highlights that although a higher BMI is generally associated with increased prostate cancer risk and poorer outcomes, the evidence is inconsistent. Key limitations include high variability in study designs and outcome measures, short follow-up periods as well as studies predominantly from Western populations. These inconsistencies underscore the need for further research to clarify the relationship and improve targeted interventions to mitigate prostate cancer\u2019s impact.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2026.1766743","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T05:33:32Z","timestamp":1771997612000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Body mass index and prostate cancer incidence: a comprehensive systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Dawson","family":"Myers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Vista University, College of Osteopathic Medicine","place":["Englewood, CO, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Chissum Lagos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rocky Vista University, College of Osteopathic Medicine","place":["Englewood, CO, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isain","family":"Zapata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rocky Vista University","place":["Englewood, CO, United States"]},{"name":"Office of Research & Scholarly Activity, Rocky Vista University","place":["Englewood, CO, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Hospital","place":["Detroit, MI, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2015.0513","article-title":"Difference in association of obesity with prostate cancer risk between US african american and non-hispanic white men in the selenium and vitamin E cancer prevention trial (SELECT)","volume":"1","author":"Barrington","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2009.12.011","article-title":"Influence of obesity on the incidence and treatment of genitourinary Malignancies","volume":"29","author":"Stewart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Urol Oncol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-013-0829-8","article-title":"Obesity has multifaceted impact on biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer: a dose\u2013response meta-analysis of 36,927 patients","volume":"31","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Oncol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2017.1367947","article-title":"Clinical Value of Nutritional Status in Cancer: What is its Impact and how it Affects Disease Progression and Prognosis","volume":"69","author":"Mantzorou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr Cancer"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2010.279","article-title":"Prognostic impact of abdominal adiposity, waist circumference and body mass index in patients with intermediate-risk prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy","volume":"35","author":"Zilli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Obes 2005"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-011-0004-9","article-title":"Impact of diet, body mass index, and physical activity on cancer survival","volume":"1","author":"Kampman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Nutr Rep"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-42542-9_8","article-title":"Obesity and prostate cancer","volume":"208","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Recent Results Cancer Res Fortschr Krebsforsch Progres Dans Rech Sur Cancer"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13485","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013485","article-title":"Associations between an obesity related genetic variant (FTO rs9939609) and prostate cancer risk","volume":"5","author":"Lewis","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56434\/j.arch.esp.urol.20237607.62","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome is Associated with Prostate Cancer Diagnosed on Biopsy but not the Gleason Score and the Number of Cancer-Positive Cores: A Prospective Controlled Study","volume":"76","author":"Bayraktar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch Esp Urol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11061552","article-title":"Novel histopathological biomarkers in prostate cancer: implications and perspectives","volume":"11","author":"Kie\u0142b","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2010.07.052","article-title":"Interpreting the epidemiological evidence linking obesity and cancer: A framework for population-attributable risk estimations in Europe","volume":"46","author":"Renehan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Oxf Engl 1990"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-08-0938","article-title":"Serum prostate-specific antigen hemodilution among obese men undergoing screening in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial","volume":"18","author":"Grubb","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol biomark Prev Publ Am Assoc Cancer Res Cosponsored Am Soc Prev Oncol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-020-01291-3","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the associations between body mass index, prostate cancer, advanced prostate cancer, and prostate-specific antigen","volume":"31","author":"Harrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control CCC"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"FSO643","DOI":"10.2144\/fsoa-2020-0154","article-title":"Clinical factors affecting prostate-specific antigen levels in prostate cancer patients undergoing radical prostatectomy: a retrospective study","volume":"7","author":"Tarantino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future Sci OA"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b14450-21","article-title":"Obesity and prostate cancer","author":"O\u2019Malley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can J Urol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2013.02.038","article-title":"Obesity is associated with increased prostate growth and attenuated prostate volume reduction by dutasteride","volume":"63","author":"Muller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1561675","article-title":"Predictive factors of incidental prostate cancer in patients undergoing surgery for presumed benign prostatic hyperplasia: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01606-8","article-title":"Associating the risk of three urinary cancers with obesity and overweight: an overview with evidence mapping of systematic reviews","volume":"10","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.14.04067","article-title":"Role of body mass index and weight change in the risk of cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 66 cohort studies","volume":"14","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25020856","article-title":"Preoperative factors for lymphovascular invasion in prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Karwacki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2012.11.013","article-title":"Obesity and prostate cancer: weighing the evidence","volume":"63","author":"Allott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23093","article-title":"Obesity and mortality in men with locally advanced prostate cancer: analysis of RTOG 85-31","volume":"110","author":"Efstathiou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpuro0944","article-title":"The effect of body mass index on PSA levels and the development, screening and treatment of prostate cancer","volume":"4","author":"Skolarus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Urol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-018-0055-4","article-title":"Fasting blood glucose, glycaemic control and prostate cancer risk in the Finnish Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer","volume":"118","author":"Murtola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1766743\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T05:33:32Z","timestamp":1771997612000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1766743\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"references-count":24,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2026.1766743"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1766743","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-943X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"article-number":"1766743"}}