{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:29:56Z","timestamp":1787837396630,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive brain tumor with limited treatment options and poor immune cell infiltration. Although cellular immunotherapies have transformed cancer treatment, they remain largely ineffective against GBM due to the restrictive blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) and a profoundly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Innate lymphoid cells type 2 (ILC2s) have recently emerged as potential candidates for immune-based approaches because of their regenerative and immunomodulatory functions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bone marrow\u2013derived ILC2s from C57BL\/6 mice were fluorescently labeled and intravenously transferred into hosts bearing orthotopic, luciferase-expressing GL261 glioblastoma tumors. Immune cell localization was assessed using fluorescence imaging and flow cytometric analyses of brain, tumor tissue, meninges, and peripheral organs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systemically administered ILC2s accessed the CNS and were detected within intracranial glioblastoma tumors and meninges. Transferred ILC2s localized to tumor tissue and meninges and were also identified in peripheral organs, demonstrating effective trafficking and tumor homing in an immunocompetent model. No measurable reduction in tumor growth was observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings establish a proof-of-concept that adoptively transferred ILC2s can access and localize within glioblastoma\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      . While not associated with tumor growth inhibition in this study, the results provide foundational insight into innate immune cell trafficking to central nervous system tumors and support further investigation into the immunomodulatory potential of ILC2s in GBM.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2026.1776061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T05:28:35Z","timestamp":1772083715000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Adoptive transfer of ILC2s reveals tumor homing in glioblastoma: a proof-of-concept study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Lei P.","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental College of Georgia (DCG) Center for Excellence in Research, Scholarship, and Innovation (CERSI) Augusta University","place":["Augusta, GA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University","place":["Augusta GA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University","place":["Augusta, GA, United States"]},{"name":"Biomedical Research Associates of Georgia LLC","place":["Augusta, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bidhan","family":"Bhandari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental College of Georgia (DCG) Center for Excellence in Research, Scholarship, and Innovation (CERSI) Augusta University","place":["Augusta, GA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University","place":["Augusta GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahar","family":"Emami Naeini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental College of Georgia (DCG) Center for Excellence in Research, Scholarship, and Innovation (CERSI) Augusta University","place":["Augusta, GA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University","place":["Augusta GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack C.","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University","place":["Augusta, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali S.","family":"Arbab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University","place":["Augusta, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental College of Georgia (DCG) Center for Excellence in Research, Scholarship, and Innovation (CERSI) Augusta University","place":["Augusta, GA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of General Dentistry, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University","place":["Augusta, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c9vila","family":"Lopes Salles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental College of Georgia (DCG) Center for Excellence in Research, Scholarship, and Innovation (CERSI) Augusta University","place":["Augusta, GA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University","place":["Augusta GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babak","family":"Baban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental College of Georgia (DCG) Center for Excellence in Research, Scholarship, and Innovation (CERSI) Augusta University","place":["Augusta, GA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University","place":["Augusta GA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University","place":["Augusta, GA, United States"]},{"name":"Biomedical Research Associates of Georgia LLC","place":["Augusta, GA, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University","place":["Augusta, GA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2021.0098","article-title":"Inhalant cannabidiol inhibits glioblastoma progression through regulation of tumor microenvironment","volume":"8","author":"Khodadadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-024-02381-x","article-title":"Altering biomolecular condensates as a potential mechanism that mediates cannabidiol effect on glioblastoma","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Oncol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-024-01207-0","article-title":"CAR-T and CAR-NK as cellular cancer immunotherapy for solid tumors","volume":"21","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1551583","article-title":"Cell-based immunotherapies for solid tumors: advances, challenges, and future directions","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1584688","article-title":"Overcoming immunotherapy resistance in glioblastoma: challenges and emerging strategies","volume":"16","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-01109-w","article-title":"A modular and controllable T cell therapy platform for acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"35","author":"Benmebarek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/neuroglia6010013","article-title":"Current understanding regarding the glioma microenvironment and impact of the immune system","volume":"6","author":"Demir","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuroglia"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1590781","article-title":"Unraveling the immunosuppressive microenvironment of glioblastoma and advancements in treatment","volume":"16","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.0148","article-title":"Presence and profile of innate lymphoid cells in human breast milk","volume":"172","author":"Baban","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e126766","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.126766","article-title":"AMPK induces regulatory innate lymphoid cells after traumatic brain injury","volume":"6","author":"Baban","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02895","article-title":"The interplay between innate lymphoid cells and the tumor microenvironment","volume":"10","author":"Ducimeti\u00e8re","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202049033","article-title":"Innate lymphoid cells and cancer: Role in tumor progression and inhibition","volume":"51","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1655730","article-title":"Innate lymphoid cells in the spotlight: from biomarkers to blueprint for innovative immunotherapy","author":"Kuo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1033904","article-title":"Innate lymphoid cells: More than just immune cells","volume":"13","author":"Xiong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6000","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50263-7","article-title":"Type II innate lymphoid cell plasticity contributes to impaired reconstitution after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"15","author":"Laurie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1677358","article-title":"Unspoken words: decoding the dialog between type 2 innate lymphoid cells and T cells","volume":"16","author":"Ikra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2924","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20608-6","article-title":"Type 2 innate lymphocytes actuate immunity against tumours and limit cancer metastasis","volume":"8","author":"Saranchova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0194-8","article-title":"Functional interactions between innate lymphoid cells and adaptive immunity","volume":"19","author":"Sonnenberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.15-273664","article-title":"Crosstalk between bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and regulatory T cells through a glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper\/developmental endothelial locus-1-dependent mechanism","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1711.1999.00877.x","article-title":"Fluorescent dyes for lymphocyte migration and proliferation studies","volume":"77","author":"Parish","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunol Cell Biol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/2259","article-title":"The use of carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) to monitor lymphocyte proliferation","author":"Quah","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.07.011","article-title":"Histo-cytometry: a method for highly multiplex quantitative tissue imaging analysis applied to dendritic cell subset microanatomy in lymph nodes","volume":"37","author":"Gerner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2022.101563","article-title":"Isolation and adoptive transfer of innate lymphoid cells 2 to a recipient mouse model of PDAC","volume":"3","author":"Alam","year":"2022","journal-title":"STAR Protoc"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.08.030","article-title":"Differential expression of functional chemokine receptors on human blood and lung group 2 innate lymphoid cells","volume":"143","author":"Weston","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00703-x","article-title":"Factors affecting the migration of ILC2s in allergic disease","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10030607","article-title":"The role of cytokines and chemokines in shaping the immune microenvironment of glioblastoma: implications for immunotherapy","volume":"10","author":"Yeo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1776061\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T05:28:36Z","timestamp":1772083716000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1776061\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"references-count":26,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2026.1776061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1776061","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-943X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"article-number":"1776061"}}