{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T21:42:28Z","timestamp":1790113348270,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lung cancer, once considered a clinical rarity, is now the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among both men and women in the United States (US) and remains the deadliest cancer worldwide. Early investigations focused on a broad range of environmental and occupational exposures as putative factors. However, the emergence of robust epidemiologic evidence in the mid-twentieth century established tobacco use, particularly cigarette smoking, as the dominant driver of lung cancer incidence. These discoveries fundamentally shaped US tobacco control policies, cancer prevention strategies, and subsequent scientific advances in thoracic oncology. Over the past three decades, innovations in screening, staging, molecular characterization, and treatment have transformed the landscape of lung cancer care and created unprecedented opportunities to improve outcomes for populations at greatest risk. Yet, the benefits in these advancements have not been equally realized. Persistent disparities in access to screening, prevention, timely diagnosis, and evidence-based care continue to disproportionately burden at-risk groups, including individuals with lower socioeconomic status and those in rural areas. Addressing these inequities requires multifaceted, cross-sector strategies that extend beyond the clinic to the social and structural determinants of health. This review aims to provide a brief history of lung cancer research, reflect on advancements in lung cancer treatment from 1990 - 2025, and highlight efforts toward continued progress in truly equitable lung cancer screening, treatment, care, and policy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2026.1799293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T04:35:37Z","timestamp":1778214937000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Maintaining momentum: the history and future of lung cancer disparities in the United States"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Krista","family":"Casazza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University","place":["Richmond, VA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma N.","family":"Wickland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University","place":["Richmond, VA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University","place":["Richmond, VA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Winn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University","place":["Richmond, VA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21871","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2025","volume":"75","author":"Siegel","year":"2025","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"SEER cancer stat facts: lung and bronchus cancer\n          \n          \n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djad256","article-title":"Trends in smoking-attributable and smoking-unrelated lung cancer death rates in the United States, 1991-2018","volume":"116","author":"Shiels","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2333393615585972","article-title":"Historical perspectives of the causation of lung cancer: Nursing as a bystander","volume":"2","author":"Ruegg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob Qual Nurs Res"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200504-531OE","article-title":"One hundred years of lung cancer","volume":"172","author":"Spiro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21210","article-title":"The first Surgeon General's report on smoking and health: the 50th anniversary","volume":"64","author":"Brawley","year":"2014","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2011-050338","article-title":"The history of the discovery of the cigarette-lung cancer link: evidentiary traditions, corporate denial, global toll","volume":"21","author":"Proctor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.280767","article-title":"The war against tobacco: 50 years and counting","volume":"311","author":"Cole","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201702-0433CI","article-title":"AJRCCM: 100-Year Anniversary. 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