{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T05:05:37Z","timestamp":1780031137493,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to compare overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) between transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) and radical cystectomy (RC) in patients with T1N0M0 non-urothelial bladder cancer (NUBC). Additionally, it seeks to identify prognostic factors that can guide individualized treatment for this rare malignancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with pathologically confirmed T1N0M0 NUBC using the SEER database (2004\u20132017). Patients were categorized by their most definitive surgical treatment: TURBT alone or RC. A 1:3 nearest-neighbor propensity score matching (PSM) without replacement was performed to balance baseline covariates between the two groups. OS and CSS were then compared between the matched cohorts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 828 eligible patients (698 TURBT, 130 RC), significant differences in histology and treatment were observed. Following PSM, 496 patients (366 TURBT, 130 RC) were analyzed. The RC group demonstrated significantly superior 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS and CSS rates (OS: P&amp;lt;0.001; CSS: P=0.002). Multivariable Cox analysis identified neuroendocrine carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and TURBT as independent risk factors for poorer prognosis, while RC was associated with improved survival (OS: HR=0.56, 95% CI 0.42\u20130.74, P&amp;lt;0.001; CSS: HR=0.48, 95% CI 0.32\u20130.72, P&amp;lt;0.001). Neuroendocrine and squamous cell carcinomas were associated with poorer OS than adenocarcinoma (P=0.002 and P&amp;lt;0.001, respectively). Married patients exhibited superior OS compared to single, divorced, widowed, or separated (SDWS) patients (P=0.003). Subgroup analyses generally favored RC, although survival differences were not statistically significant in specific subsets. For OS, these included patients aged &amp;lt;65 (P=0.120), male (P=0.071), low\/intermediate grade (P=0.400), married (P=0.064), other histology (P=0.700), and SDWS (P=0.066). For CSS, these included patients aged &amp;lt;65 (P=0.120), low\/intermediate grade (P=0.420), high grade (P=0.080), squamous cell carcinoma (P=0.170), other histology (P=0.690), SDWS (P=0.051), and non-first primary tumor (P=0.970).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For patients with T1N0M0 NUBC, RC is associated with significantly improved survival outcomes compared to TURBT as definitive surgical management, with the greatest benefit observed in high-risk subtypes such as neuroendocrine and squamous cell carcinoma. However, this survival advantage must be carefully weighed against the substantial morbidity of RC and the potential for overtreatment. These findings support a risk-adapted, shared decision-making approach within a multidisciplinary framework, rather than a universal recommendation for RC in all T1N0M0 NUBC patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2026.1802962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T04:54:05Z","timestamp":1780030445000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["TURBT versus RC in T1N0M0 non-urothelial bladder cancer: a population-based study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Qiuming","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Cancer Hospital & Institute, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Cancer, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College","place":["Nanchang, Jiangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Cancer Hospital & Institute, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Cancer, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College","place":["Nanchang, Jiangxi, China"]},{"name":"Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University","place":["Nanchang, Jiangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Cancer Hospital & Institute, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Cancer, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College","place":["Nanchang, Jiangxi, China"]},{"name":"Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University","place":["Nanchang, Jiangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Cancer Hospital & Institute, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Cancer, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College","place":["Nanchang, Jiangxi, China"]},{"name":"Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University","place":["Nanchang, Jiangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Cancer Hospital & Institute, Jiangxi Clinical Research Center for Cancer, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College","place":["Nanchang, Jiangxi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21654","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2021","volume":"71","author":"Siegel","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2020.103034","article-title":"Facing treatment of non-urothelial bladder cancers in the immunotherapy era","volume":"153","author":"Grilo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctarc.2022.100663","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities in the management of non-urothelial bladder cancers","volume":"34","author":"Brown","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Res Commun"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clgc.2020.07.011","article-title":"Bladder cancer: A comparison between non-urothelial variant histology and urothelial carcinoma across all stages and treatment modalities","volume":"19","author":"Deuker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Genitourin Cancer"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13010086","article-title":"Advances in therapy for urothelial and non-urothelial subtype histologies of advanced bladder cancer: From etiology to current development","volume":"13","author":"Kwon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326.e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2023.01.015","article-title":"Adenocarcinoma of the bladder: Assessment of survival advantage associated with radical cystectomy and comparison with urothelial bladder cancer","volume":"41","author":"Tappero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Urol Oncol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctarc.2022.100661","article-title":"Non-urothelial and urothelial variants of bladder cancer","volume":"33","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Res Commun"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2017.10.013","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and outcomes of nonurothelial cell carcinoma of the bladder: Results from the National Cancer Data Base","volume":"36","author":"Royce","year":"2018","journal-title":"Urol Oncol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2020.01.02","article-title":"The optimal management of variant histology in muscle invasive bladder cancer","volume":"9","author":"Tiwari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Androl Urol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2017.125","article-title":"Characteristics and clinical significance of histological variants of bladder cancer","volume":"14","author":"Moschini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2016.08.002","article-title":"Upstaging of nonurothelial histology in bladder cancer at the time of surgical treatment in the National Cancer Data Base","volume":"35","author":"Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urol Oncol"},{"key":"B12","unstructured":""},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14740\/jocmr6263","article-title":"Survival after partial cystectomy versus radical cystectomy for non-urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: A population-based study","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Med Res"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyaa072","article-title":"Prognostic significance of non-urothelial carcinoma of bladder: Analysis of nationwide hospital-based cancer registry data in Japan","volume":"50","author":"Nagumo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jpn J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.26197","article-title":"A surveillance, epidemiology, and end results analysis of small cell carcinoma of the bladder: Epidemiology, prognostic variables, and treatment trends","volume":"117","author":"Koay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/UPJ.0000000000000351","article-title":"Bladder and kidney cancer diagnosis and survival increase with Medicare eligibility at age 65","volume":"10","author":"Shu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Urol Pract"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.955619","article-title":"Marital status as an independent prognostic factor for patients of Malignant pleural mesothelioma","volume":"9","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjs\/znad377","article-title":"Correlation between second and first primary cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis of 9 million cancer patients","volume":"111","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euo.2025.10.012","article-title":"Prognostic role of different T1 substaging systems on recurrence and progression in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Piccolini","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur Urol Oncol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clgc.2020.01.002","article-title":"A California Cancer Registry analysis of urothelial and non-urothelial bladder cancer subtypes: Epidemiology, treatment, and survival","volume":"18","author":"Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Genitourin Cancer"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-024-04341-w","article-title":"Clinicopathological features and treatment outcomes of urothelial carcinoma variant histologies and non-urothelial bladder cancers","volume":"57","author":"Seven","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.545921","article-title":"Pelvic lymph node dissection during cystectomy for patients with bladder carcinoma with variant histology: Does histologic type matter","volume":"10","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17132210","article-title":"Expression profiles of co-inhibitory receptors in non-urothelial bladder cancer: Preclinical evidence for the next generation of immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"17","author":"Rodler","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1802962\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T04:54:12Z","timestamp":1780030452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1802962\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"references-count":23,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2026.1802962"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1802962","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-943X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"article-number":"1802962"}}