{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T12:59:10Z","timestamp":1790600350266,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This comprehensive review explores advancements in the treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC), emphasizing the transformative impact of targeted therapies and immunotherapies. Given TNBC\u2019s aggressive nature and limited therapeutic options, this review provides an in-depth analysis of emerging strategies that aim to enhance patient outcomes. Within targeted therapies, we discuss molecular subtypes and evaluate the efficacy of PARP inhibitors, EGFR inhibitors, and PI3K inhibitors, integrating insights from clinical trials. The immunotherapy landscape is examined through immune checkpoint inhibitors, Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, and novel vaccine-based approaches. Combination strategies are assessed, focusing on clinical efficacy, safety, and resistance mechanisms. Additionally, we highlight emerging therapeutic innovations, including bispecific antibodies, advanced drug delivery systems, and personalized medicine approaches. Beyond treatment modalities, the review addresses key challenges such as therapy resistance, biomarker-driven treatment selection, and the integration of Artificial Intelligence in TNBC management. Future directions emphasize ongoing clinical trials and evolving therapeutic paradigms aimed at improving survival and quality of life for TNBC patients. As the field progresses, a multidisciplinary approach integrating precision oncology, innovative therapeutics, and patient-centered care will be critical. In conclusion, this review encapsulates current breakthroughs and envisions a future where targeted and immune-based interventions redefine TNBC treatment, offering new hope for patients and clinicians alike.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2026.1804620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T12:11:21Z","timestamp":1790597481000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Recent advances in targeted therapies and immunotherapies for triple-negative breast cancer"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Gowhar","family":"Rashid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, SKIMS, Srinagar","place":["Jammu and Kashmir, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deena","family":"Elsori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Resillience, Deans Office Rabdan Academy","place":["Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zainab","family":"Naqvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Disease Mapping and Therapeutic Research, Era University","place":["Lucknow, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tauqeer","family":"Zehra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Metabolic Unit, Era University","place":["Lucknow, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeliha","family":"Selamoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Medicine Faculty, Nigde Omer Halisdemir University","place":["Nigde, T\u00fcrkiye"]},{"name":"Department of Biology, Western Caspian University","place":["Baku, Azerbaijan"]},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences","place":["Turkestan, Kazakhstan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadiya","family":"MR","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suyog Institute of Allied Health Sciences, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Mysuru","place":["Karnataka, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anass M.","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University","place":["Sakaka, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abubucker Peer","family":"Mohideen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University","place":["Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wael","family":"Hafez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre","place":["Cairo, Egypt"]},{"name":"College of Medicine and Health Science, Khalifa University","place":["Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asaad","family":"Babker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Gulf Medical University","place":["Ajman, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B2","unstructured":"Cancer Tomorrow\n          \n          2022"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"GLOBOCAN 2022. 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