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Despite these advances, access to modern diagnostics and treatments remains highly uneven across regions and health-care systems, leading to persistent global disparities in diagnostic accuracy, therapeutic options, and patient outcomes. This review explores diagnostic and therapeutic disparities in advanced NSCLC across high-, middle-, and low-income settings, a disease context that is increasingly dependent on timely access to molecularly guided treatment decisions. We describe regional and income-related differences in the availability and implementation of molecular diagnostics and novel systemic therapies, and discuss structural and systemic factors influencing access to innovation, including health-care infrastructure, regulatory environments, and resource constraints. 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