{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T14:13:20Z","timestamp":1789827200953,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the rapid development of minimally invasive gastrointestinal surgery, laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery (LECS) has emerged as a hybrid procedure that integrates the precision of endoscopic resection with the operative control of laparoscopy. By combining these complementary strengths, LECS enables complete local resection while maximizing preservation of organ function. This narrative review retrieved relevant guidelines, expert consensus statements, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and representative clinical studies published between January 2008 and March 2026. We analyzed the technical evolution, indications, efficacy, safety, and oncological issues of LECS, and further propose a clinical application framework covering patient selection, treatment decision-making, criteria for additional radical surgery, the learning curve, structured training, and the strength of global evidence. Current evidence suggests that, in carefully selected patients, LECS can achieve high en bloc and R0 resection rates, reduce unnecessary organ resection, and facilitate postoperative recovery. However, the level of evidence varies substantially among disease entities. Relatively well-established indications include gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), complex colorectal polyps, and selected superficial non-ampullary duodenal tumors, whereas its role in early gastric cancer remains exploratory and is largely limited to highly selected cases involving non-exposure techniques and sentinel lymph node navigation. Overall, LECS serves as an important bridge between endoscopic therapy and conventional surgical resection. Its broader implementation, however, remains limited by oncological uncertainty in malignant tumors, a steep learning curve, inter-center heterogeneity, differences in institutional readiness, and a lack of long-term, high-quality evidence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2026.1843117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T04:45:06Z","timestamp":1779252306000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery in gastrointestinal tumors: current applications, oncologic considerations, and future directions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Cunyun","family":"Qiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haipeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital","place":["Lanzhou, Gansu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.969628","article-title":"Laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery for early gastric cancer: Perspective for actual practice","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-022-09691-z","article-title":"Lap-Endo cooperative surgery (LECS) in gastric GIST: updates and future advances","volume":"37","author":"Teng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/den.12404","article-title":"Laparoscopic endoscopic cooperative surgery","volume":"27","author":"Hiki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig Endosc"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0761-9494","article-title":"Laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery (LECS) to overcome the limitations of endoscopic resection for colorectal tumors","volume":"6","author":"Tamegai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endosc Int Open"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-007-9696-8","article-title":"Laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery for gastrointestinal stromal tumor dissection","volume":"22","author":"Hiki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1159\/000526644","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of laparoscopic endoscopic cooperative surgery in upper gastrointestinal lesions: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"de Brito","year":"2023","journal-title":"GE Port J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5230\/jgc.2021.21.e21","article-title":"Choice of LECS procedure for benign and Malignant gastric tumors","volume":"21","author":"Min","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl240358","article-title":"Advancements in endoscopic treatment for gastric subepithelial tumors","volume":"19","author":"Goto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-016-0641-1","article-title":"Nonexposure laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery (closed laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery) for gastric submucosal tumor","volume":"20","author":"Kikuchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2016.1230778","article-title":"Laparoscopy-assisted endoscopic full-thickness resection for gastric subepithelial tumors originated from the muscularis propria layer: a pilot study with literature review","volume":"52","author":"Lim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13081858","article-title":"Feasibility of non-exposure simple suturing endoscopic full-thickness resection in comparison with laparoscopic endoscopic cooperative surgery for gastric subepithelial tumors: Results of two independent prospective trials","volume":"13","author":"Eom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-025-12243-w","article-title":"Hybrid laparo-endoscopic techniques for challenging colorectal lesions: a systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Distefano","year":"2025","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ags3.70124","article-title":"Safety and feasibility of laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery with endoscopic submucosal dissection for large superficial non-ampullary duodenal epithelial tumors","volume":"10","author":"Hayami","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ann Gastroenterol Surg"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31169","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-17296-4","article-title":"Anterior and transmesocolic approaches for duodenal laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery","volume":"15","author":"Matsushita","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4253\/wjge.v17.i11.108874","article-title":"Current roles of colonoscopy in minimally invasive colorectal surgery: Preoperative guidance, intraoperative colonoscopy, and combined endoscopic-laparoscopic surgery","volume":"17","author":"Hatsuzawa","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2025.10.006","article-title":"Preoperative localization, margins, and intraoperative endoscopy in minimally invasive sigmoid colectomy: A matched cohort","volume":"315","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/cm9.0000000000003639","article-title":"2024 Chinese expert consensus on clinical utilization of laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery for gastric tumors","volume":"138","author":"Shang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1811-7025","article-title":"Endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial gastrointestinal lesions: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline - Update 2022","volume":"54","author":"Pimentel-Nunes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.05.054","article-title":"AGA clinical practice update on management of subepithelial lesions encountered during routine endoscopy: Expert review","volume":"20","author":"Sharzehi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-025-01698-4","article-title":"Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines 2025 (7th edition)","volume":"29","year":"2026","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.21.02242","article-title":"Laparoscopic sentinel node navigation surgery for stomach preservation in patients with early gastric cancer: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"40","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-025-17114-1","article-title":"Clinicopathological factors affecting stomach preservation following laparoscopic sentinel node navigation surgery in patients with early gastric cancer: A secondary analysis of the multicenter randomized phase III SENORITA trial","volume":"32","author":"Jeong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/den.13883","article-title":"Guidelines for endoscopic submucosal dissection and endoscopic mucosal resection for early gastric cancer (second edition)","volume":"33","author":"Ono","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dig Endosc"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2529-5025","article-title":"Management of epithelial precancerous conditions and early neoplasia of the stomach (MAPS III): European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), European Helicobacter and Microbiota Study Group (EHMSG) and European Society of Pathology (ESP) Guideline update 2025","volume":"57","author":"Dinis-Ribeiro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5230\/jgc.2023.23.e4","article-title":"Recent advances in sentinel node navigation surgery for early gastric cancer","volume":"23","author":"Booka","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v29.i24.3883","article-title":"Non-exposed endoscopic wall-inversion surgery with one-step nucleic acid amplification for early gastrointestinal tumors: Personal experience and literature review","volume":"29","author":"Crafa","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2013.50.3789","article-title":"Sentinel node mapping for gastric cancer: a prospective multicenter trial in Japan","volume":"31","author":"Kitagawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/sla.0000000000006219","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of laparoscopic sentinel node navigation surgery for stomach preservation in patients with early gastric cancer: 5-year results of the SENORITA trial","author":"Hur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2024.1210","article-title":"Quality of life and nutritional outcomes of stomach-preserving surgery for early gastric cancer: A secondary analysis of the SENORITA randomized clinical trial","volume":"159","author":"Eom","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-018-0824-z","article-title":"Gastric washing by distilled water can reduce free gastric cancer cells exfoliated into the stomach lumen","volume":"21","author":"Ohki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-015-2897-x","article-title":"Defining a subgroup treatable for laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery in undifferentiated early gastric cancer: the role of lymph node metastasis","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16091741","article-title":"Gastric cancer surgery: Balancing oncological efficacy against postoperative morbidity and function detriment","volume":"16","author":"Tsekrekos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/coc.0000000000001101","article-title":"Sentinel node navigation surgery for early gastric cancer: A narrative review","volume":"47","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-022-01331-8","article-title":"Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines 2021 (6th edition)","volume":"26","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13112683","article-title":"Ultrastaging using ex vivo sentinel lymph node mapping and one-step nucleic acid amplification (OSNA) in gastric cancer: Experiences of a European center","volume":"13","author":"M\u00e4rkl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1787892","article-title":"Current trends in the management of a complex polyp: Endoscopy versus surgery","volume":"38","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Colon Rectal Surg"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v29.i17.2600","article-title":"Difficult colorectal polypectomy: Technical tips and recent advances","volume":"29","author":"Pattarajierapan","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4253\/wjge.v14.i3.113","article-title":"Endoscopic management of difficult laterally spreading tumors in colorectum","volume":"14","author":"Castillo-Regalado","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000540594","article-title":"Management of T1 colorectal cancer","volume":"106","author":"Tanaka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002715","article-title":"Treatment decision for locally resected T1 colorectal carcinoma-verification of the Japanese guideline criteria for additional surgery based on long-term clinical outcomes","volume":"119","author":"Oka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23922\/jarc.2020-085","article-title":"Current status and prospects of endoscopic resection technique for colorectal tumors","volume":"5","author":"Suzuki","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Anus Rectum Colon"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-025-12181-7","article-title":"Laparoscopic endoscopic cooperative surgery versus laparoscopic segmental resection for the treatment of endoscopically unresectable colorectal polyps: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-020-08255-3","article-title":"Combined endoscopic-laparoscopic surgery (CELS) can avoid segmental colectomy in endoscopically unremovable colonic polyps: a cohort study over 10 years","volume":"36","author":"Golda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2304-3219","article-title":"Colorectal polypectomy and endoscopic mucosal resection: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline - Update 2024","volume":"56","author":"Ferlitsch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/dcr.0000000000002323","article-title":"The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons clinical practice guidelines for the management of colon cancer","volume":"65","author":"Vogel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2023.104885","article-title":"Information-energy equivalence and the emergence of self-replicating biological systems","volume":"226","author":"Paradis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1770945","article-title":"Combined endoscopy-laparoscopy surgery: When and how to utilize this tool","volume":"37","author":"Wlodarczyk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Colon Rectal Surg"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17588359231192388","article-title":"2023 GEIS guidelines for gastrointestinal stromal tumors","volume":"15","author":"Serrano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ther Adv Med Oncol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-024-02488-1","article-title":"English version of Japanese clinical practice guidelines 2022 for gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) issued by the Japan Society of Clinical Oncology","volume":"29","author":"Hirota","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2022.0058","article-title":"NCCN Guidelines\u00ae Insights: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors, Version 2.2022","volume":"20","author":"von Mehren","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Canc Netw"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/den.12215","article-title":"Feasibility and safety of laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery for gastric submucosal tumors, including esophagogastric junction tumors","volume":"26","author":"Hoteya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dig Endosc"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ags3.12787","article-title":"Outcomes of laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery for gastric submucosal tumors: a retrospective multicenter study at 21 Japanese institutions","volume":"8","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Gastroenterol Surg"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-104526","article-title":"Laparoscopic and luminal endoscopic cooperative surgery can be a standard treatment for submucosal tumors of the stomach: a retrospective multicenter study","volume":"49","author":"Matsuda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2015.11.040","article-title":"Feasibility of laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery for gastric submucosal tumors (with video)","volume":"84","author":"Matsuda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10120-017-0750-5","article-title":"Optimal minimally invasive surgical procedure for gastric submucosal tumors","volume":"21","author":"Shoji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastric Cancer"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.10.112","article-title":"Do work-family initiatives improve employee mental health? Longitudinal evidence from a nationally representative cohort","volume":"297","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-023-03177-7","article-title":"SEOM-GEIS clinical guideline for gastrointestinal stromal tumors (2022)","volume":"25","author":"Serrano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Transl Oncol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-024-02738-z","article-title":"Survival of patients with ruptured gastrointestinal stromal tumour treated with adjuvant imatinib in a randomised trial","volume":"131","author":"Joensuu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2022.103650","article-title":"Medical oncological treatment for patients with Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) - a systematic review","volume":"172","author":"Brinch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-019-07223-w","article-title":"Clinical feasibility and safety of third space robotic and endoscopic cooperative surgery for gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors dissection: a new surgical technique for treating gastric GISTs","volume":"33","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13304-021-01014-6","article-title":"Clinical outcomes and functional analysis of third space robotic and endoscopic cooperative surgery versus laparoscopic wedge resection for gastric submucosal tumours: a propensity score-matched study","volume":"74","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Updates Surg"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-025-11775-5","article-title":"Clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness analysis of robotic and endoscopic cooperative surgery for treating gastric submucosal tumors: a longitudinal nested cohort study","volume":"39","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-023-10114-w","article-title":"Distinct approaches (antecolic and retrocolic) according to tumor location in laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery for non-ampullary duodenum tumors","volume":"37","author":"Hayashi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2024.10.008","article-title":"AGA clinical practice update on nonampullary duodenal lesions: expert review","volume":"168","author":"Bourke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl240245","article-title":"Endoscopic resection for superficial non-ampullary duodenal epithelial tumors","volume":"19","author":"Jeon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1442-2395","article-title":"Endoscopic management of superficial nonampullary duodenal tumors: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline","volume":"53","author":"Vanbiervliet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-022-01919-y","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for duodenal cancer 2021","volume":"57","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1327-5939","article-title":"Safety and feasibility of laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery for duodenal neoplasm: a retrospective multicenter study","volume":"53","author":"Nunobe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-025-12097-2","article-title":"Short- and long-term outcomes of laparoscopic endoscopic cooperative surgery for duodenal neoplasms: a retrospective single-center study","volume":"39","author":"Sekiya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/js9.0000000000004590","article-title":"Comparison between endoscopic submucosal dissection and laparoscopic endoscopic cooperative surgery for non-ampullary duodenal neuroendocrine tumors: a single-center retrospective cohort study","volume":"112","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2025.03.1332","article-title":"Outcomes and safety of duodenal endoscopic submucosal dissection for nonampullary lesions: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"102","author":"Rimondi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/den.13705","article-title":"Feasibility of laparoscopic endoscopic cooperative surgery for non-ampullary superficial duodenal neoplasms: single-arm confirmatory trial","volume":"33","author":"Kanaji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dig Endosc"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2025.08.087","article-title":"A prospective study of duodenal laparoscopy-endoscopy cooperative surgery for superficial duodenal tumors, including periampullary and medial wall lesions","volume":"57","author":"Shimura","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-020-01840-5","article-title":"Limited resection vs. pancreaticoduodenectomy for primary duodenal adenocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Burasakarn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11605-023-05800-y","article-title":"Surgical and endoscopic resection of duodenal neuroendocrine tumors have similar disease-specific survival outcome","volume":"27","author":"Mirzaie","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Surg"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-025-02247-7","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for lymph node metastasis in duodenal neuroendocrine tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Ogata","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-023-10666-x","article-title":"Short- and long-term outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection and laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery for superficial non-ampullary duodenal epithelial tumors","volume":"38","author":"Seya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1895-9507","article-title":"Excellent oncological outcomes besides short-term safety of laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery for gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumor","volume":"10","author":"Harada","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endosc Int Open"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4253\/wjge.v17.i8.107617","article-title":"Laparoendoscopic surgery in gastrointestinal diseases: status and future perspectives","volume":"17","author":"Parikh","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2021.09.005","article-title":"Gastrointestinal stromal tumours: ESMO-EURACAN-GENTURIS Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"33","author":"Casali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.21147\/j.issn.1000-9604.2026.01.01","article-title":"Expert consensus on multidisciplinary management of laparoscopic-endoscopic cooperative surgery combined with sentinel lymph node navigation surgery for early gastric cancer (2026 edition)","volume":"38","author":"Zheng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chin J Cancer Res"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17562848251318861","article-title":"Learning curve for endoscopic submucosal dissection in early gastric neoplasm using a multibending endoscope","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ther Adv Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-022-09742-5","article-title":"Learning curve of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) with prevalence-based indication in unsupervised Western settings: a retrospective multicenter analysis","volume":"37","author":"Steinbr\u00fcck","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ases.70130","article-title":"Efficacy of laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery compared to endoscopic resection for duodenal tumor treatment","volume":"18","author":"Shindo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Asian J Endosc Surg"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E527","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2342-0221","article-title":"Nonexposed endoscopic wall inversion surgery with sentinel node mapping for a high risk gastric lesion","volume":"56","author":"Ebigbo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5986","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-021-08974-1","article-title":"National differences in implementation of minimally invasive surgery for colorectal cancer and the influence on short-term outcomes","volume":"36","author":"Warps","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2024.04.019","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for gastric cancer in endoscopy: from diagnostic reasoning to market","volume":"56","author":"Matsubayashi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2023.173","article-title":"Application of artificial intelligence for diagnosis of early gastric cancer based on magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging","volume":"57","author":"Horiuchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Endosc"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/ags3.12513","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-based computer vision in surgery: recent advances and future perspectives","volume":"6","author":"Kitaguchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Gastroenterol Surg"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12020507","article-title":"New intraoperative imaging tools and image-guided surgery in gastric cancer surgery","volume":"12","author":"Knospe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-021-08786-3","article-title":"Robotic endoscopic cooperative surgery for colorectal tumors: a feasibility study (with video)","volume":"36","author":"Okamoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v27.i46.8010","article-title":"Life prognosis of sentinel node navigation surgery for early-stage gastric cancer: outcome of lymphatic basin dissection","volume":"27","author":"Kinami","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/coc.0000000000001101","article-title":"Expert consensus on the multidisciplinary clinical practice of laparoscopic-endoscopic cooperative surgery combined with sentinel lymph node navigation surgery for early gastric cancer (2026 edition)","volume":"64","year":"2026","journal-title":"Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-024-11093-2","article-title":"Current status of resident simulation training curricula: pearls and pitfalls","volume":"38","author":"Haskins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Oncology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1843117\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T04:45:22Z","timestamp":1779252322000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1843117\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"references-count":94,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fonc.2026.1843117"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2026.1843117","relation":{},"ISSN":["2234-943X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2234-943X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"article-number":"1843117"}}