{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T05:51:24Z","timestamp":1781675484342,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the effectiveness of goserelin sustained-release microspheres versus sustained-release implants for androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in patients with prostate cancer in a real-world setting, and to compare their safety profiles by integrating evidence from published studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective study included 87 patients with prostate cancer who received goserelin-based ADT at Peking University Cancer Hospital Inner Mongolia Hospital between August 2024 and September 2025. Forty-four patients received goserelin sustained-release microspheres, and 43 received sustained-release implants. During the 12-week observation period, patients received median administrations of three and one, respectively, corresponding to comparable ADT exposure. Analyses were patient-based. The primary endpoint was the proportion achieving total prostate-specific antigen (TPSA) &amp;lt;0.2 ng\/mL at day 85 (D85), with day 29 (D29) assessed as an early response point. A prespecified exploratory non-inferiority framework with a \u221210% margin was applied, with sensitivity analyses using TPSA &amp;lt;0.1 ng\/mL. A PRISMA-compliant systematic review searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science through February 1, 2026. Eligible studies reporting goserelin safety outcomes were included. Safety outcomes were harmonized as any-grade adverse events (AEs), serious AEs, and grade \u22653 AEs. Pooled incidences were calculated using single-arm meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Median age was 72 years, and median follow-up was 85 days. Baseline disease stage differed between groups, with more metastatic disease in the implant group. At D29, TPSA response rates were 81.8% and 95.2% in the microsphere and implant groups, respectively. At D85, rates were 86.4% and 93.0%, meeting the prespecified non-inferiority criterion. Sensitivity analyses using TPSA &amp;lt;0.1 ng\/mL were consistent. The systematic review included three studies comprising 665 patients. The pooled incidence of any-grade AEs was 59.2%, with substantial heterogeneity, whereas pooled incidences of serious AEs and grade \u22653 AEs were 6.1% and 8.9%, respectively, with no new safety signals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Goserelin sustained-release microspheres demonstrated comparable real-world biochemical activity to sustained-release implants over matched 12-week ADT exposure. Although early PSA differences and baseline disease-stage imbalance warrant consideration, integrated evidence supports goserelin microspheres as an alternative ADT formulation with a manageable safety profile.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      , identifier CRD420261327915.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2026.1858453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T04:52:00Z","timestamp":1781671920000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative effectiveness and integrated safety of goserelin sustained-release microspheres versus implants in prostate cancer: a patient-based real-world study and systematic review with meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University","place":["Hohhot, China"]},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Cancer Hospital Inner Mongolia Hospital","place":["Hohhot, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education\/Beijing), Department of Urology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Cancer Hospital Inner Mongolia Hospital","place":["Hohhot, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Cancer Hospital Inner Mongolia Hospital","place":["Hohhot, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Cancer Hospital Inner Mongolia Hospital","place":["Hohhot, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education\/Beijing), Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaodong","family":"Ping","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Peking University 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