{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T07:50:00Z","timestamp":1792223400173,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":197,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Oncol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abnormal electrical properties in cancerous tumors have been observed for more than a century. Modern technological advances have enabled rapid improvements in our understanding of these electrical facets and our ability to leverage this information for diagnosis and treatment. Here, we outline the current knowledge of the electrical tumor microenvironment (eTME), including electrical abnormalities at the tissue, cell, and molecular scales. Of particular interest to solid tumors and immunotherapy, the innate immune system responds profoundly to these abnormalities with altered mobility and effector function. Improved understanding of the eTME has enabled new advances in disease detection, with techniques such as impedance spectroscopy showing promise as minimally invasive, sensitive, and specific methods that complement traditional approaches. Therapeutic strategies that use electrical stimulation via externally applied fields, electrically active nanomaterials and devices, and so-called electroceuticals have shown promise in augmenting cancer therapy efficacy, particularly via leveraging the immune system. This review summarizes the state of the field, highlighting the eTME as a foundational \u2013 yet often overlooked \u2013 feature of cancer and a rapidly-growing area of novel therapeutic development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2026.1870705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T12:27:40Z","timestamp":1787747260000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The electrical tumor microenvironment: abnormalities and opportunities"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Alice","family":"Burchett Darantiere","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame","place":["Notre Dame, IN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fionn","family":"Lay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Notre Dame","place":["Notre Dame, IN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meenal","family":"Datta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame","place":["Notre Dame, IN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvi.2006.03.002","article-title":"Luigi Galvani\u2019s path to animal electricity","volume":"329","author":"Piccolino","year":"2006","journal-title":"CR Biol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.25.6.284","article-title":"Evidence for the existence of an electro-dynamic field in living organisms","volume":"25","author":"Burr","year":"1939","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B3","article-title":"Bio-electric correlates of development in amblystoma","volume":"9","author":"Burr","year":"1937","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"B4","article-title":"Bio-electric correlates of wound healing","volume":"11","author":"Burr","year":"1938","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.105.2721.209-a","article-title":"Electrometric studies in women with Malignancy of cervix uteri","volume":"105","author":"Langman","year":"1947","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1982.242.3.R358","article-title":"The glabrous epidermis of cavies contains a powerful battery","volume":"242","author":"Barker","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Intgr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1088\/0143-0815\/1\/1\/007","article-title":"Measurement of electrical currents emerging during the regeneration of amputated finger tips in children","volume":"1","author":"Illingworth","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clin Phys Physiol Meas"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04925","article-title":"Electrical signals control wound healing through phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase-\u03b3 and PTEN","volume":"442","author":"Zhao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-2325com","article-title":"Wound healing in rat cornea: the role of electric currents","volume":"19","author":"Reid","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2013.01.009","article-title":"Wounds that will not heal","volume":"182","author":"Byun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01195396","article-title":"Electric characteristics of tissues","volume":"1","author":"Schwan","year":"1963","journal-title":"Biophysik"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012303260-7\/50004-6","article-title":"Chapter 4. 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